Skip to content

Member

Malik AZMANI

Renew · Netherlands

Group
Renew
Country
Netherlands
Roll-call participation
98.5 %ⓘ of 620 roll calls in office · chamber median 90.6 % · whole term, final votes
With majority line
90.1 %ⓘ of 607 votes where the group had a line · Renew median 93.6 %
More facts (5)
National party
VVD
In office
Since 16 Jul 2024
Against clear line
43 of 563 votesⓘ
Committees
AFET (substitute), LIBE
Member id
197781
More

Record

The member’s figures against the median of their group and of the chamber. Each vote counts the member in the group they belonged to that day.

Roll-call participation ⓘ

98.5 %

611 of 620 final votes while in office

Renew median: 91.5 % (+7.0 pts)

Chamber median: 90.6 %

With majority line ⓘ

90.1 %

547 of 607 votes where their group had a line

Renew median: 93.6 % (−3.4 pts)

Against clear line ⓘ

7.6 %

43 of 563 votes where their group had a clear line

21 opposite (for ↔ against), 22 abstained against the line

Abstention ⓘ

4.4 %

27 of 611 votes cast

Participation 98.5 % — Renew median 91.5 %, 76 members.ⓘ
Data as a table
Participation among the 76 members of the Renew with enough votes.
FigureParticipation
Malik AZMANI98.5 %
Renew median91.5 %
Lowest in the group64.4 %
Highest in the group99.7 %
Members76
With majority line 90.1 % — Renew median 93.6 %, 76 members.ⓘ
Data as a table
With majority line among the 76 members of the Renew with enough votes.
FigureWith majority line
Malik AZMANI90.1 %
Renew median93.6 %
Lowest in the group79.8 %
Highest in the group97.6 %
Members76
  • Whole term, 620 final votes; 620 of 794 decisions had a final vote recorded by name. The dots are the other members of Renew; no ranks.
  • “No vote recorded” is not the same as absent: leave, illness and chairing the sitting look the same.
  • A group’s line is inferred from its members’ votes — Parliament publishes no whip.

Votes, 620

Export

Every final roll-call vote of the term with the member’s position, newest first.

Result: for–against–abstained. Majority line: how most of the member’s group voted that day (“Tie” when no position won). ≠ group marks a vote otherwise than a clear line (at least two thirds, with at least 10 members voting) of their group.
DateDecisionResultPositionMajority line
21 Jan 2026Request for opinion from the Court of Justice on the compatibility with the Treaties of the proposed EU-Mercosur Partnership Agreement (EMPA) and Interim Trade Agreement (ITA) Adopted 334 for, 324 against, 11 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
21 Jan 2026Implementation of the common foreign and security policy – annual report 2025 Adopted 392 for, 179 against, 83 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
21 Jan 2026Implementation of the common security and defence policy – annual report 2025 Adopted 395 for, 197 against, 70 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
21 Jan 2026Human rights and democracy in the world and the European Union’s policy on the matter – annual report 2025 Adopted 421 for, 120 against, 108 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
21 Jan 2026Addressing impunity through EU sanctions, including the EU Global Human Rights sanctions regime (so-called ‘EU Magnitsky Act’) Adopted 440 for, 127 against, 59 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 Jan 2026Framework for strengthening the availability and security of supply of critical medicinal products as well as the availability of, and accessibility of, medicinal products of common interest Passed 503 for, 57 against, 108 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 Jan 2026The 28th Regime: a new legal framework for innovative companies Adopted 492 for, 144 against, 28 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 Jan 2026Just transition directive in the world of work: ensuring the creation of jobs and revitalising local economies Adopted 420 for, 207 against, 20 abstainedPosition: Abstained ≠ groupMajority line: For
20 Jan 2026Safeguarding and promoting financial stability amid economic uncertainties Adopted 491 for, 83 against, 84 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 Jan 2026Humanitarian aid in a time of polycrisis – reaffirming our principles for a more effective and ambitious response to humanitarian crises Adopted 444 for, 153 against, 55 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 Jan 2026Reform of the European Electoral Act – hurdles to ratification and implementation in the Member States Adopted 417 for, 234 against, 9 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
18 Dec 2025Arbitrary arrest and sentencing of academics Bahruz Samadov and Igbal Abilov in Azerbaijan Adopted 477 for, 7 against, 69 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
18 Dec 2025Mass kidnapping of children in Nigeria, including from St Mary’s Catholic School in Papiri Adopted 519 for, 2 against, 50 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
18 Dec 2025Grave political situation in Guinea-Bissau after the coup of 26 November Adopted 535 for, 0 against, 42 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
18 Dec 2025Implementation of the rule of law conditionality regime Adopted 386 for, 184 against, 15 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
18 Dec 2025Decarbonisation and modernisation of EU fisheries, and the development and deployment of fishing gear Adopted 450 for, 93 against, 37 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
18 Dec 2025Continuous Belarusian hybrid attacks against Lithuania Adopted 438 for, 37 against, 48 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
17 Dec 2025Application of the ‘safe third country’ concept Negotiating mandate approved 384 for, 237 against, 31 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: Against
17 Dec 2025Establishment of a list of safe countries of origin at Union level Negotiating mandate approved 396 for, 202 against, 56 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: Abstained
17 Dec 2025Phasing out Russian natural gas imports, improving monitoring of potential energy dependencies Passed 500 for, 120 against, 32 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
17 Dec 2025Deforestation Regulation: certain obligations of operators and traders Passed 405 for, 242 against, 8 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
17 Dec 2025European High Performance Computing Joint Undertaking (EuroHPC) Passed 604 for, 37 against, 18 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
17 Dec 2025EU/Jordan Agreement for scientific and technological cooperation: terms and conditions for the participation of Jordan in the Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area (PRIMA) Consent given 627 for, 13 against, 5 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
17 Dec 2025Simplification of the content and presentation of information to be disclosed concerning environmentally sustainable activities and simplification of certain technical screening criteria for determining whether economic activities cause no significant harm to environmental objectives Objection failed 230 for, 402 against, 28 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
17 Dec 2025Military Mobility Adopted 493 for, 127 against, 38 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
17 Dec 2025European Defence Readiness 2030: assessment of needs Adopted 425 for, 120 against, 96 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
17 Dec 2025Digitalisation, artificial intelligence and algorithmic management in the workplace – shaping the future of work Adopted 480 for, 83 against, 94 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
17 Dec 2025European Citizens’ Initiative ‘My voice, my choice: for safe and accessible abortion’ Adopted 358 for, 202 against, 79 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
16 Dec 2025Bilateral safeguard clause of the EU-Mercosur Partnership Agreement and the EU-Mercosur Interim Trade Agreement for agricultural products Passed 431 for, 161 against, 70 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
16 Dec 2025Amending the Directive on alternative dispute resolution for consumer disputes Amendment 1 rejected 122 for, 470 against, 69 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
16 Dec 2025Incentivising defence-related investments in the EU budget to implement the ReArm Europe Plan Passed 519 for, 119 against, 25 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
16 Dec 2025Amending certain CAP Regulations as regards the conditionality system, types of intervention in the form of direct payment, types of intervention in certain sectors and rural development and annual performance reports, data and interoperability governance, suspensions of payments annual performance clearance and controls and penalties Passed 629 for, 17 against, 16 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
16 Dec 2025Providing macro-financial assistance to Jordan Passed 585 for, 34 against, 45 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
16 Dec 2025Brexit Adjustment Reserve Passed 619 for, 6 against, 37 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
16 Dec 2025Corporate sustainability reporting and due diligence requirements Passed 428 for, 218 against, 17 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
16 Dec 2025Mobilisation of the European Globalisation Adjustment Fund for Displaced Workers: application EGF/2025/003 SE/Northvolt – Sweden Passed 578 for, 54 against, 30 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
16 Dec 2025Genetically modified maize NK603 Objection passed 479 for, 173 against, 8 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
16 Dec 2025Genetically modified sugar beet KWS20-1 Objection passed 455 for, 169 against, 8 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
16 Dec 2025Relations between the EU and Saudi Arabia Adopted 417 for, 131 against, 108 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
27 Nov 2025Amending Regulations on the Internal Market Information System (IMI) and on the single digital gateway as regards certain harmonisation requirements on transparency Passed 400 for, 77 against, 132 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
27 Nov 2025Harmonised requirements in the internal market on transparency of third countries interest representation Passed 392 for, 88 against, 133 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
27 Nov 2025Post-election killings and the deteriorating human rights situation in Tanzania, including the case of imprisoned opposition leader Tundu Lissu Adopted 539 for, 0 against, 27 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
27 Nov 2025Escalating repression of the Baha’is in Iran Adopted 549 for, 7 against, 31 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
27 Nov 2025Rule of law and human rights situation in Tunisia, particularly the case of Sonia Dahmani Adopted 464 for, 58 against, 75 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
27 Nov 2025Implementation of the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement Adopted 490 for, 41 against, 74 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
27 Nov 2025EU strategy for the rights of persons with disabilities post-2024 Adopted 490 for, 9 against, 109 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
27 Nov 2025Application of the Treaty provisions related to the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality and the role of national parliaments in the EU legislative process Adopted 337 for, 245 against, 12 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
27 Nov 2025Escalation of the war and the humanitarian catastrophe in Sudan Adopted 503 for, 32 against, 52 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
27 Nov 2025Political situation in Myanmar including the humanitarian crisis of the Rohingya Adopted 519 for, 3 against, 57 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
27 Nov 2025EU position on the proposed plan and EU engagement towards a just and lasting peace for Ukraine Adopted 401 for, 70 against, 90 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For

Show all 50 votes on this page

Roll-call participation

One cell per sitting while in office, shaded by the share of that day’s roll calls the member voted in. The official attendance register is kept separately by Parliament.

No vote recorded on 0 of 80 sittings with roll calls.

"No vote recorded" is not the same as absent: leave, illness and chairing the sitting look the same.

Data as a table

Voting neighbours

Members who voted the same way most often in the roll calls they both took part in, within and outside the member’s group (group at the date of each vote), over all roll calls of the term.

At least 200 shared roll calls over at least six months in office together. Within = both sat in the same group on the date of the vote; a member who changed group can appear on both lists. Baseline = the median agreement of all pairs of members of the groups the two sat in on the date of each shared vote (within: the group they shared; outside: the two groups), weighted by the votes they shared in each combination.

Within Renew

Agreement: roll calls where both cast the same position, of the roll calls both voted in while in the same group (“shared”); a count below 50 shared. Baseline: the median agreement of every pair of members of that group.
SelectMemberGroupCountryAgreementBaseline
Jeannette BALJEU RenewNetherlands99 % of 5 159 shared92 %
Anouk VAN BRUG RenewNetherlands99 % of 4 398 shared92 %
Bart GROOTHUIS RenewNetherlands99 % of 4 412 shared92 %
Taner KABILOV changed group ECRBulgaria93 % of 474 shared92 %
Katri KULMUNI RenewFinland93 % of 4 638 shared92 %
Dan BARNA RenewRomania92 % of 5 161 shared92 %
Elsi KATAINEN RenewFinland92 % of 5 740 shared92 %
Elena YONCHEVA changed group ECRBulgaria92 % of 224 shared92 %
Jan-Christoph OETJEN RenewGermany92 % of 5 687 shared92 %
Andreas GLÜCK RenewGermany92 % of 3 929 shared92 %

Show all 10 neighbours

Outside the group

Agreement: roll calls where both cast the same position, of the roll calls both voted in while in different groups (“shared”); a count below 50 shared. Baseline: the median agreement of every pair of members of the groups the two sat in on those votes (groups at the date, weighted by the votes shared in each combination).
SelectMemberGroupCountryAgreementBaseline
Tom BERENDSEN Former memberEPPNetherlands88 % of 3 737 shared82 %
Jeroen LENAERS EPPNetherlands88 % of 5 841 shared82 %
Ingeborg TER LAAK EPPNetherlands88 % of 5 818 shared82 %
Willemien KONING EPPNetherlands87 % of 1 888 shared82 %
Christine SCHNEIDER Former memberEPPGermany87 % of 3 666 shared82 %
Daniel CASPARY Former memberEPPGermany87 % of 3 380 shared82 %
Liesbet SOMMEN EPPBelgium87 % of 5 621 shared82 %
Isabel WISELER-LIMA EPPLuxembourg87 % of 5 629 shared82 %
Sven SIMON EPPGermany87 % of 4 728 shared82 %
Pekka TOVERI EPPFinland87 % of 5 183 shared82 %

Show all 10 neighbours

Work

Seats in committees, delegations and intergroups, and the dossiers the member leads, shadows or negotiates.

Seats

Body: the committee, delegation or intergroup, with its kind. Role: the member’s role in it. From, To: the dates of the seat (“now” while it lasts).
BodyRoleFromTo
Committee on Foreign AffairsAFET CommitteeSubstitute19 Jul 2024now
Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home AffairsLIBE CommitteeMember19 Jul 2024now
Delegation to the Cariforum-EU Parliamentary CommitteeDCAR Joint parliamentary committeeSubstitute26 Sept 2024now
Delegation for relations with the Maghreb countries and the Arab Maghreb Union, including the EU-Morocco, EU-Tunisia and EU-Algeria Joint Parliamentary CommitteesDMAG DelegationSubstitute19 Sept 2024now
Delegation to the OACPS-EU Joint Parliamentary AssemblyDACP Parliamentary assemblyVice-chair3 Oct 2024now
Delegation to the Caribbean-EU Parliamentary AssemblyDCAB Parliamentary assemblyChair30 Sept 2024now
Intergroup on LGBTIQ+IG10-16 Intergroup / working groupMember31 Jan 2025now
Intergroup on the PoliceIG10-18 Intergroup / working groupVice-chair9 Jan 2025now
Delegation to the OACPS-EU Joint Parliamentary AssemblyDACP Parliamentary assemblyMember19 Sept 20242 Oct 2024
Delegation to the Caribbean-EU Parliamentary AssemblyDCAB Parliamentary assemblyMember19 Sept 202429 Sept 2024

Show all 10 seats

Dossiers

Dossier: the procedure the declaration names (“No dossier named” for a delegation without one). Role: rapporteur, shadow rapporteur, negotiator or delegation. Committee: the committee that appointed them. Date: of the declaration.
DossierRoleCommitteeDate
No dossier namedOfficial delegationLIBE8 Sept 2026
New Eurojust RegulationShadow rapporteurLIBE15 Jul 2026
Combating firearms trafficking and other firearms-related offences and amending Directive (EU) 2024/1260 of the European Parliament and of the CouncilShadow rapporteurLIBE6 May 2026
In capacity as delegation leader, to Co-Chair the first Caribbean-EU Parliamentary Assembly in St Johns (Antigua and Barbuda) from 16-18 February 2026Official delegationDACP15 Jan 2026
Establishing a common system for the return of third-country nationals staying illegally in the Union, and repealing Directive 2008/115/EC of the European Parliament and the Council, Council Directive 2001/40/EC and Council Decision 2004/191/ECRapporteurLIBE1 May 2025
Shadow rapporteur for Renew Europe for Morocco in AFETShadow rapporteurAFET12 Feb 2025
Shadow rapporteur for Renew Europe for Libya in AFETShadow rapporteurAFET12 Feb 2025
AFET shadow rapporteur for the 2023 and 2024 Commission reports on TürkiyeShadow rapporteurAFET18 Dec 2024
Report on the 2023-2024 Commission Report on TurkeyShadow rapporteurAFET11 Dec 2024
No dossier namedOpinion rapporteurAFET12 Nov 2024

Show all 14 dossier roles

Topics they work on (model-assigned)

Counts: dossiers they spoke on, led or amended, and their questions and motions.

In the chamber

Speeches and statements in plenary debates, newest first; the verbatim report is on Parliament’s site.

22 contributions recorded; 12 on behalf of their group; 36 minutes of speaking time.

Date: the sitting. Debate: the item debated, and the group when they spoke on its behalf. Kind: speech or written statement, with speaking time. Verbatim: the verbatim report on Parliament’s site.
DateDebateKindVerbatim
15 Sept 2026The recent hybrid attacks and instrumentalisation of migrants in Ceuta and the need for a coordinated response to protect the EU’s external borders (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
8 Jul 2026Narco-trafficking in Europe’s waters: protecting our borders and supporting our law enforcement officers (debate) on behalf of RenewSpeech · 1 minRead
16 Jun 20262025 Commission report on Türkiye (debate) on behalf of RenewSpeech · 2 minRead
16 Jun 2026Common system for the return of third-country nationals staying illegally in the Union (Return Regulation) (debate) Speech · 2 minRead
16 Jun 2026Common system for the return of third-country nationals staying illegally in the Union (Return Regulation) (debate) Speech · 5 minRead
29 Apr 2026The need to combat antisemitism and protect Jewish life in Europe, following the recent attacks against the Jewish community in the Netherlands and Belgium (debate) on behalf of RenewSpeech · 1 minRead
21 Jan 2026Restoring control of migration: returns, visa policy and third-country cooperation (topical debate) on behalf of RenewSpeech · 1 minRead
17 Dec 2025The deepening democratic crisis in Georgia (debate) on behalf of RenewSpeech · 2 minRead
12 Nov 2025The first European Annual Asylum and Migration report and the setting up of the Annual Solidarity Pool (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
21 Oct 2025Changing security landscape and the role of police at the heart of the EU’s internal security strategy (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
6 Oct 2025Revision of the Visa Suspension Mechanism (debate) on behalf of RenewSpeech · 2 minRead
16 Jun 2025Statement by the President - 40th anniversary of the Schengen area agreement on behalf of RenewSpeech · 2 minRead
6 May 20252023 and 2024 reports on Türkiye (debate) on behalf of RenewSpeech · 2 minRead
1 Apr 2025Crackdown on democracy in Türkiye and the arrest of Ekrem İmamoğlu (debate) on behalf of RenewSpeech · 1 minRead
1 Apr 2025Presentation of the New European Internal Security Strategy (debate) on behalf of RenewSpeech · 1 minRead
11 Mar 2025Presentation of the proposal on a new common approach on returns (debate) on behalf of RenewSpeech · 1 minRead
12 Feb 2025Recent dismissals and arrests of mayors in Türkiye Speech · 1 minRead
17 Dec 2024Toppling of the Syrian regime, its geopolitical implications and the humanitarian situation in the region (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
13 Nov 2024Deplorable escalation of violence around the football match in the Netherlands and the unacceptable attacks against Israeli football fans (debate) on behalf of RenewSpeech · 1 minRead
23 Oct 2024Managing migration in an effective and holistic way through fostering returns (debate) Speech · 2 minRead
9 Oct 2024Strengthening the security of Europe’s external borders: need for a comprehensive approach and enhanced Frontex support (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
18 Sept 2024The Hungarian “National Card” scheme and its consequences for Schengen and the area of freedom, security and justice (debate) Speech · 1 minRead

Questions and motions, 107

Parliamentary questions and motions for resolutions the member authored or co-signed, newest first.

Date: tabled. Title: the question or motion, with its id. Kind: written question or motion for a resolution, with the number of co-authors. Answer: the date of the answer to a question.
DateTitleKindAnswer
14 Sept 2026MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION Political prisoners in Cuba, in particular the case of Félix Navarro and his daughter Saylí Navarro B-10-2026-0403Motion for a resolutionwith 15 co-authors—
14 Sept 2026MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION The deteriorating situation of media freedom and freedom of expression in Hong Kong following the recent arrest of bookseller Leticia Wong and the convictions of Lee Cheuk-yan and Chow Hang-tung B-10-2026-0399Motion for a resolutionwith 15 co-authors—
14 Sept 2026MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION on Post-electoral repression in Zambia and the killing of Mutotwe Kafwaya B-10-2026-0416Motion for a resolutionwith 17 co-authors—
9 Sept 2026MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION on narco-trafficking in Europe’s waters: protecting our borders and supporting our law enforcement officers B-10-2026-0390Motion for a resolutionwith 7 co-authors—
11 Aug 2026Application of the Digital Services Act following the Ceuta crisis E-10-2026-003259Written questionwith 3 co-authorsNot yet answered
11 Aug 2026EU situational awareness and early warning during the Ceuta crisis E-10-2026-003260Written questionwith 4 co-authorsNot yet answered
15 Jul 2026Illegal drug websites are making a comeback via foreign domain names E-10-2026-002965Written questionwith 3 co-authors16 Sept 2026
13 Jul 2026Missing and runaway children as an indicator of violence, abuse and grooming E-10-2026-002868Written questionwith 15 co-authorsNot yet answered
7 Jul 2026Impact of Court ruling on Hungarian anti-LGBTI propaganda law on similar law in Bulgaria E-10-2026-002806Written questionwith 18 co-authors15 Sept 2026
6 Jul 2026MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION on the threat of war crimes, the escalating violations of international humanitarian law and the human rights situation in El-Obeid, Sudan B-10-2026-0361Motion for a resolutionwith 18 co-authors—

Show all 107 questions and motions

Amendments tabled in committee, 43

Committee amendment documents that carry amendments by the member, with how many are theirs.

Show all 43 amendment documents

Connections

Dossiers they lead or shadow, committees, party, delegation and other related pages.

Loading the connections…

Sources & citation

Where the facts on this page come from, and how to cite it.

Data source
Licensed CC BY 4.0.
Data version
data version 7a008ed0dca4 (26 Sept 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1 · methods
Retrieved
26 September 2026

Cite as

EU Parl Watch Research (2026). “Malik AZMANI”. Member record. memberId 197781. EU Parl Watch Research. https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/197781?page=6&scope=final&speeches=all (retrieved 26 September 2026). Official source: Member’s profile, European Parliament, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/197781. Data: EP Open Data: member record, https://data.europarl.europa.eu/api/v2/meps/197781?format=application%2Fld%2Bjson (CC BY 4.0); data version 7a008ed0dca4 (26 Sept 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1.
BibTeX
@misc{epw-member-197781,
  author = {{EU Parl Watch Research}},
  title = {{Malik AZMANI}},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/197781?page=6&scope=final&speeches=all}},
  url = {https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/197781?page=6&scope=final&speeches=all},
  urldate = {2026-09-26},
  publisher = {EU Parl Watch Research},
  note = {Member record. memberId 197781. Official source: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/197781. Data: EP Open Data: member record (CC BY 4.0); data version 7a008ed0dca4 (26 Sept 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1}
}