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Member

Mariusz KAMIŃSKI

ECR · Poland

Group
ECR
Country
Poland
Roll-call participation
98.1 %ⓘ of 620 roll calls in office · chamber median 90.6 % · whole term, final votes
With majority line
88.6 %ⓘ of 604 votes where the group had a line · ECR median 87.7 %
More facts (5)
National party
PiS Prawo i Sprawiedliwość
In office
Since 16 Jul 2024
Against clear line
14 of 500 votesⓘ
Committees
DEVE (substitute), LIBE
Member id
257056
More

Record

The member’s figures against the median of their group and of the chamber. Each vote counts the member in the group they belonged to that day.

Roll-call participation ⓘ

98.1 %

608 of 620 final votes while in office

ECR median: 91.9 % (+6.1 pts)

Chamber median: 90.6 %

With majority line ⓘ

88.6 %

535 of 604 votes where their group had a line

ECR median: 87.7 % (+0.9 pts)

Against clear line ⓘ

2.8 %

14 of 500 votes where their group had a clear line

6 opposite (for ↔ against), 7 abstained against the line, 1 voted for or against when the line was to abstain

Abstention ⓘ

13.3 %

81 of 608 votes cast

Participation 98.1 % — ECR median 91.9 %, 79 members.ⓘ
Data as a table
Participation among the 79 members of the ECR with enough votes.
FigureParticipation
Mariusz KAMIŃSKI98.1 %
ECR median91.9 %
Lowest in the group51.0 %
Highest in the group99.8 %
Members79
With majority line 88.6 % — ECR median 87.7 %, 79 members.ⓘ
Data as a table
With majority line among the 79 members of the ECR with enough votes.
FigureWith majority line
Mariusz KAMIŃSKI88.6 %
ECR median87.7 %
Lowest in the group46.1 %
Highest in the group94.6 %
Members79
  • Whole term, 620 final votes; 620 of 794 decisions had a final vote recorded by name. The dots are the other members of ECR; no ranks.
  • “No vote recorded” is not the same as absent: leave, illness and chairing the sitting look the same.
  • A group’s line is inferred from its members’ votes — Parliament publishes no whip.

Votes, 620

Export

Every final roll-call vote of the term with the member’s position, newest first.

Result: for–against–abstained. Majority line: how most of the member’s group voted that day (“Tie” when no position won). ≠ group marks a vote otherwise than a clear line (at least two thirds, with at least 10 members voting) of their group.
DateDecisionResultPositionMajority line
23 Jan 2025Russia’s disinformation and historical falsification to justify its war of aggression against Ukraine Adopted 480 for, 58 against, 48 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
23 Jan 2025Situation in Venezuela following the usurpation of the presidency on 10 January 2025 Adopted 374 for, 53 against, 163 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: Tie
22 Jan 2025Need for actions to address the continued oppression and fake elections in Belarus Adopted 567 for, 25 against, 66 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
21 Jan 2025EU/Republic of Serbia agreement on operational activities carried out by the European Border and Coast Guard Agency in the Republic of Serbia Consent given 505 for, 90 against, 43 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
19 Dec 2024Amending Directive 2009/38/EC as regards the establishment and functioning of European Works Councils and the effective enforcement of transnational information and consultation rights Negotiating mandate approved 300 for, 254 against, 21 abstainedPosition: For ≠ groupMajority line: Against
19 Dec 2024Human rights situation in Kyrgyzstan, in particular the case of Temirlan Sultanbekov Adopted 492 for, 28 against, 41 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
19 Dec 202411th year of the occupation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol by the Russian Federation and the deteriorating human rights situation in occupied Crimea, notably the cases of Iryna Danylovych, Tofik Abdulhaziiev and Amet Suleymanov Adopted 446 for, 25 against, 51 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
19 Dec 2024Continued repression of civil society and independent media in Azerbaijan and the cases of Dr Gubad Ibadoghlu, Anar Mammadli, Kamran Mammadli, Rufat Safarov and Meydan TV Adopted 434 for, 30 against, 89 abstainedPosition: Abstained Majority line: Against
19 Dec 2024Recommendation to the Council on the EU priorities for the 69th session of the UN Commission on the Status of Women Adopted 322 for, 163 against, 46 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
18 Dec 2024EC-Pacific States Interim Partnership Agreement: accession of Tonga Consent given 545 for, 81 against, 26 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
18 Dec 2024EC-Pacific States Interim Partnership Agreement: accession of Niue Consent given 543 for, 77 against, 31 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
18 Dec 2024Conclusion, on behalf of the European Union, of the United Nations Convention on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor-State Arbitration Consent given 591 for, 7 against, 53 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
18 Dec 2024EC-Pacific States Interim Partnership Agreement: accession of Tuvalu Consent given 533 for, 74 against, 26 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
18 Dec 2024Amendment of Annex VI – Powers and responsibilities of the standing committees Adopted 448 for, 161 against, 40 abstainedPosition: Abstained Majority line: For
18 Dec 2024Setting up a Special Committee on the European Democracy Shield, and defining its responsibilities, numerical strength and term of office Adopted 441 for, 178 against, 34 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
18 Dec 2024Setting up a Special Committee on the Housing Crisis in the European Union, and defining its responsibilities, numerical strength and term of office Adopted 480 for, 148 against, 20 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
17 Dec 2024Deforestation Regulation: provisions relating to the date of application Passed 546 for, 97 against, 7 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
17 Dec 2024Specific measures under the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) for Member States affected by natural disasters Passed 644 for, 6 against, 3 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
17 Dec 2024Regional Emergency Support: RESTORE Passed 638 for, 10 against, 5 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
17 Dec 2024Forest reproductive material of the ‘tested’ category Passed 499 for, 131 against, 27 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
17 Dec 2024Mobilisation of the European Globalisation Adjustment Fund: application EGF/2024/002 BE/Limburg machinery and paper – Belgium Passed 599 for, 50 against, 7 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
17 Dec 2024Activities of the European Ombudsman – annual report 2023 Adopted 598 for, 17 against, 37 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024Hong Kong, notably the cases of Jimmy Lai and the 45 activists recently convicted under the national security law Adopted 473 for, 23 against, 98 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024The increasing and systematic repression of women in Iran Adopted 562 for, 2 against, 30 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024The shrinking space for civil society in Cambodia, in particular the case of the labour rights organisation CENTRAL Adopted 492 for, 5 against, 102 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024Georgia's worsening democratic crisis following the recent parliamentary elections and alleged electoral fraud Adopted 444 for, 72 against, 82 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024Reinforcing EU’s unwavering support to Ukraine against Russia’s war of aggression and the increasing military cooperation between North Korea and Russia Adopted 390 for, 135 against, 52 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024Recommendation on smoke- and aerosol-free environments Rejected 152 for, 378 against, 26 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
27 Nov 2024Amending Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 as regards Vanuatu Passed 627 for, 6 against, 37 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
27 Nov 2024Mobilisation of the European Union Solidarity Fund to provide assistance to Germany and Italy relating to floods occurred in 2024 Passed 660 for, 11 against, 4 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
27 Nov 2024Draft amending budget No 5/2024: adjustment in payment appropriations, update of revenues and other technical updates Passed 525 for, 75 against, 81 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
27 Nov 2024Measures to reduce incidental catches of common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) and other small cetaceans in the Bay of Biscay Objection failed 123 for, 511 against, 42 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
27 Nov 20242025 budgetary procedure: Joint text Adopted 418 for, 185 against, 67 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Abstained
27 Nov 2024Presentation by the President-elect of the Commission of the College of Commissioners and its programme Rejected 154 for, 507 against, 19 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: Tie
27 Nov 2024Election of the Commission Commission elected 370 for, 282 against, 36 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
26 Nov 2024Genetically modified maize MON 89034 × 1507 × NK603 Objection passed 474 for, 171 against, 13 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
26 Nov 2024Genetically modified cotton COT102 Objection passed 496 for, 143 against, 18 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
26 Nov 2024Genetically modified maize MON 89034 × 1507 × MON 88017 × 59122 and eight of its sub-combinations Objection passed 476 for, 169 against, 14 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
26 Nov 2024Genetically modified maize MON 810 Objection passed 464 for, 163 against, 27 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
26 Nov 2024Genetically modified maize DP915635 Objection passed 478 for, 166 against, 17 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
26 Nov 2024Genetically modified maize DP23211 Objection passed 474 for, 166 against, 17 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
26 Nov 2024Genetically modified maize DP202216 Objection passed 478 for, 165 against, 16 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
26 Nov 2024Genetically modified maize MON 94804 Objection passed 468 for, 166 against, 14 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
14 Nov 2024Deforestation Regulation: provisions relating to the date of application Passed 371 for, 240 against, 30 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
14 Nov 2024Electronic value added tax exemption certificate Passed 621 for, 10 against, 11 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
14 Nov 2024Faster and Safer Relief of Excess Withholding Taxes Passed 555 for, 48 against, 42 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
14 Nov 2024Amendment of the EIB’s Statute Passed 510 for, 105 against, 27 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
14 Nov 2024UN Climate Change Conference 2024 in Baku, Azerbaijan (COP29) Adopted 429 for, 183 against, 24 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
24 Oct 2024Situation in Azerbaijan, violation of human rights and international law and relations with Armenia Adopted 453 for, 31 against, 89 abstainedPosition: Abstained Majority line: Abstained
24 Oct 2024People’s Republic of China’s misinterpretation of the UN resolution 2758 and its continuous military provocations around Taiwan Adopted 432 for, 60 against, 71 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For

Show all 50 votes on this page

Roll-call participation

One cell per sitting while in office, shaded by the share of that day’s roll calls the member voted in. The official attendance register is kept separately by Parliament.

No vote recorded on 1 of 80 sittings with roll calls.

"No vote recorded" is not the same as absent: leave, illness and chairing the sitting look the same.

Data as a table

Voting neighbours

Members who voted the same way most often in the roll calls they both took part in, within and outside the member’s group (group at the date of each vote), over all roll calls of the term.

At least 200 shared roll calls over at least six months in office together. Within = both sat in the same group on the date of the vote; a member who changed group can appear on both lists. Baseline = the median agreement of all pairs of members of the groups the two sat in on the date of each shared vote (within: the group they shared; outside: the two groups), weighted by the votes they shared in each combination.

Within ECR

Agreement: roll calls where both cast the same position, of the roll calls both voted in while in the same group (“shared”); a count below 50 shared. Baseline: the median agreement of every pair of members of that group.
SelectMemberGroupCountryAgreementBaseline
Małgorzata GOSIEWSKA ECRPoland98 % of 5 289 shared81 %
Kosma ZŁOTOWSKI ECRPoland97 % of 5 760 shared81 %
Marlena MALĄG ECRPoland97 % of 5 672 shared81 %
Anna ZALEWSKA ECRPoland97 % of 5 722 shared81 %
Piotr MÜLLER ECRPoland97 % of 4 970 shared81 %
Jadwiga WIŚNIEWSKA ECRPoland97 % of 5 613 shared81 %
Beata SZYDŁO ECRPoland97 % of 5 437 shared81 %
Daniel OBAJTEK ECRPoland97 % of 4 819 shared81 %
Bogdan RZOŃCA ECRPoland97 % of 5 771 shared81 %
Maciej WĄSIK ECRPoland97 % of 5 608 shared81 %

Show all 10 neighbours

Outside the group

Agreement: roll calls where both cast the same position, of the roll calls both voted in while in different groups (“shared”); a count below 50 shared. Baseline: the median agreement of every pair of members of the groups the two sat in on those votes (groups at the date, weighted by the votes shared in each combination).
SelectMemberGroupCountryAgreementBaseline
Tiago MOREIRA DE SÁ PatriotsPortugal75 % of 5 552 shared68 %
Juan Carlos GIRAUTA VIDAL PatriotsSpain75 % of 5 165 shared68 %
Jorge BUXADÉ VILLALBA PatriotsSpain75 % of 5 545 shared68 %
Mireia BORRÁS PABÓN PatriotsSpain74 % of 5 430 shared68 %
Margarita DE LA PISA CARRIÓN PatriotsSpain74 % of 5 774 shared68 %
Hermann TERTSCH PatriotsSpain74 % of 4 348 shared68 %
Ondřej KOVAŘÍK Former memberPatriotsCzechia74 % of 1 173 shared68 %
Jorge MARTÍN FRÍAS PatriotsSpain74 % of 4 442 shared68 %
Nikola BARTŮŠEK changed group ECRCzechia74 % of 4 723 shared62 %
Anna BRYŁKA changed group PatriotsPoland73 % of 5 265 shared67 %

Show all 10 neighbours

Work

Seats in committees, delegations and intergroups, and the dossiers the member leads, shadows or negotiates.

Seats

Body: the committee, delegation or intergroup, with its kind. Role: the member’s role in it. From, To: the dates of the seat (“now” while it lasts).
BodyRoleFromTo
Committee on DevelopmentDEVE CommitteeSubstitute19 Jul 2024now
Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home AffairsLIBE CommitteeMember19 Jul 2024now
Subcommittee on Human RightsDROI SubcommitteeSubstitute19 Jul 2024now
Special Committee on the European Democracy ShieldEUDS Special committeeSubstitute23 Jan 2025now
Delegation for relations with the People's Republic of ChinaD-CN DelegationSubstitute19 Sept 2024now
Delegation to the EU-Moldova Parliamentary Association CommitteeD-MD DelegationMember19 Sept 2024now
Delegation to the Euronest Parliamentary AssemblyDEPA Parliamentary assemblyMember19 Sept 2024now

Show all 7 seats

Dossiers

No rapporteur, shadow or negotiator role recorded this term.

Topics they work on (model-assigned)

Counts: dossiers they spoke on, led or amended, and their questions and motions.

In the chamber

Speeches and statements in plenary debates, newest first; the verbatim report is on Parliament’s site.

64 contributions recorded, 24 written statements; 11 on behalf of their group; 55 minutes of speaking time.

Date: the sitting. Debate: the item debated, and the group when they spoke on its behalf. Kind: speech or written statement, with speaking time. Verbatim: the verbatim report on Parliament’s site.
DateDebateKindVerbatim
16 Sept 2026Political prisoners in Cuba, in particular the case of Félix Navarro and his daughter Saylí Navarro Speech · 1 minRead
15 Sept 2026Findings and recommendations of the Special Committee on the European Democracy Shield (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
15 Sept 2026Funeral for war criminal Ratko Mladić and glorification of war crimes in Serbia (debate) StatementRead
8 Jul 2026Future of EU support for Russian democratic forces, anti-war actors and repressed civil society (debate) on behalf of ECRSpeech · 1 minRead
7 Jul 20262025 Commission report on Moldova (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
17 Jun 2026Deteriorating situation of political prisoners in Belarus, in particular the case of Aliaksandra Pulinovich on behalf of ECRSpeech · 1 minRead
16 Jun 2026Common system for the return of third-country nationals staying illegally in the Union (Return Regulation) (debate) StatementRead
19 May 2026Europe's response to reduced US military deployments in Europe, particularly at its Eastern flank in the light of the latest US decisions (debate) StatementRead
29 Apr 2026New Chinese law on ‘ethnic unity and progress’ and the intensified suppression of ethnic identities Speech · 1 minRead
29 Apr 2026Danger of normalising relations with Russia, including its participation in major cultural and sports events (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
28 Apr 2026The Commission’s 2025 Rule of Law report (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
28 Apr 2026Ensuring accountability and justice in response to Russia’s continued attacks against the civilian population in Ukraine (debate) StatementRead
25 Mar 2026Combating corruption (debate) on behalf of ECRSpeech · 3 minRead
11 Mar 2026Human trafficking and grave human rights violations linked to the recruitment of non-Russian nationals, in particular from Africa, for Russia’s war of aggression in Ukraine Speech · 1 minRead
10 Feb 2026Spain’s large-scale regularisation policy and its impact on the Schengen Area and EU migration policy (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
21 Jan 2026Conviction and imminent sentencing of Jimmy Lai in Hong Kong Speech · 1 minRead
21 Jan 2026Restoring control of migration: returns, visa policy and third-country cooperation (topical debate) Speech · 1 minRead
20 Jan 2026CFSP and CSDP (Article 36 TEU) (joint debate) StatementRead
17 Dec 2025Cases of pro-Russian espionage in the European Parliament (debate) on behalf of ECRSpeech · 2 minRead
16 Dec 2025Continuous Belarusian hybrid attacks against Lithuania (debate) StatementRead
26 Nov 2025EU response to the continuous airspace violations and sabotage of critical infrastructure in the EU originating from Russia and Belarus (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
26 Nov 2025EU position on the proposed plan and EU engagement towards a just and lasting peace for Ukraine (debate) StatementRead
25 Nov 2025Communication on the European Democracy Shield (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
12 Nov 2025The first European Annual Asylum and Migration report and the setting up of the Annual Solidarity Pool (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
12 Nov 2025Addressing transnational repression of human rights defenders (short presentation) StatementRead
22 Oct 2025Situation in Belarus, five years after the fraudulent presidential elections (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
21 Oct 2025Changing security landscape and the role of police at the heart of the EU’s internal security strategy (debate) StatementRead
8 Oct 2025United response to recent Russian violations of the EU Member States’ airspace and critical infrastructure (debate) StatementRead
6 Oct 2025Revision of the Visa Suspension Mechanism (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
11 Sept 2025Solidarity with Poland following the deliberate violation of Polish airspace by Russian drones (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
10 Sept 2025State of the Union (debate) StatementRead
9 Sept 2025Strengthening Moldova’s resilience against Russian hybrid threats and malign interference (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
9 Jul 2025Conclusions of the European Council meeting of 26 June 2025 (debate) StatementRead
8 Jul 2025Situation in Belarus, in particular the release of political prisoners (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
17 Jun 2025The Commission’s 2024 Rule of Law report (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
21 May 2025Russian energy phase-out, Nord Stream and the EU's energy sovereignty (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
7 May 2025Violations of religious freedom in Tibet Speech · 1 minRead
6 May 2025An urgent assessment of the applicability of the Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement (PDCA) with Cuba (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
6 May 2025Discharge 2023 (joint debate) StatementRead
1 Apr 2025Presentation of the New European Internal Security Strategy (debate) Speech · 1 minRead

Questions and motions, 136

Parliamentary questions and motions for resolutions the member authored or co-signed, newest first.

Date: tabled. Title: the question or motion, with its id. Kind: written question or motion for a resolution, with the number of co-authors. Answer: the date of the answer to a question.
DateTitleKindAnswer
14 Sept 2026MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION Political prisoners in Cuba, the case of Félix Navarro and his daughter Saylí Navarro B-10-2026-0419Motion for a resolutionwith 26 co-authors—
14 Sept 2026MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION on the recent hybrid attacks and instrumentalisation of migrants in Ceuta and the need for a coordinated response to protect the EU’s external borders B-10-2026-0411Motion for a resolutionwith 10 co-authors—
14 Sept 2026MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION Deteriorating situation of media freedom and freedom of expression in Hong-Kong, amid the recent arrest of bookseller Leticia Wong and the convictions of Lee Cheuk-yan and Chow Hang-tung B-10-2026-0407Motion for a resolutionwith 23 co-authors—
31 Jul 2026MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION on the need to combat migrant grooming gangs B-10-2026-0373Motion for a resolutionwith 80 co-authors—
6 Jul 2026MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION on the ongoing persecution of Christians in Nigeria, notably the Kawel village massacre B-10-2026-0356Motion for a resolutionwith 29 co-authors—
2 Jul 2026EU anti-corruption strategy and the fight against corruption in EU institutions E-10-2026-002746Written question3 Sept 2026
25 Jun 2026Influence on the design of the AML/CFT package of the former Commissioner Didier Reynders, who stands accused of money laundering P-10-2026-002642Priority written questionNot yet answered
25 Jun 2026Infringement of Article 245 TFEU and the Code of Conduct for the Members of the European Commission by Commissioner Didier Reynders E-10-2026-002643Written question12 Aug 2026
16 Jun 2026MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION on the deteriorating situation of political prisoners in Belarus, in particular the case of Aliaksandra Pulinovich B-10-2026-0327Motion for a resolutionwith 19 co-authors—
15 Jun 2026MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION Political prisoners in Nicaragua - the cases of Carlos Brenes, Salvadora del Socorro Martínez Aburto and Brooklyn Rivera B-10-2026-0317Motion for a resolutionwith 20 co-authors—

Show all 136 questions and motions

Amendments tabled in committee, 64

Committee amendment documents that carry amendments by the member, with how many are theirs.

Show all 64 amendment documents

Connections

Dossiers they lead or shadow, committees, party, delegation and other related pages.

Political group

National delegation

  • Delegation Poland National delegation

Sources & citation

Where the facts on this page come from, and how to cite it.

Data source
Licensed CC BY 4.0.
Data version
data version f37e5638cded (25 Sept 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1 · methods
Retrieved
25 September 2026

Cite as

EU Parl Watch Research (2026). “Mariusz KAMIŃSKI”. Member record. memberId 257056. EU Parl Watch Research. https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/257056?page=12&scope=final&speeches=all (retrieved 25 September 2026). Official source: Member’s profile, European Parliament, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/257056. Data: EP Open Data: member record, https://data.europarl.europa.eu/api/v2/meps/257056?format=application%2Fld%2Bjson (CC BY 4.0); data version f37e5638cded (25 Sept 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1.
BibTeX
@misc{epw-member-257056,
  author = {{EU Parl Watch Research}},
  title = {{Mariusz KAMIŃSKI}},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/257056?page=12&scope=final&speeches=all}},
  url = {https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/257056?page=12&scope=final&speeches=all},
  urldate = {2026-09-25},
  publisher = {EU Parl Watch Research},
  note = {Member record. memberId 257056. Official source: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/257056. Data: EP Open Data: member record (CC BY 4.0); data version f37e5638cded (25 Sept 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1}
}