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Member

Raphaël GLUCKSMANN

S&D · France

Group
S&D
Country
France
Roll-call participation
88.5 %ⓘ of 5 928 roll calls in office · chamber median 90.2 % · whole term, roll calls
With majority line
92.7 %ⓘ of 5 248 votes where the group had a line · S&D median 96.3 %
More facts (5)
National party
Place publique
In office
Since 16 Jul 2024
Against clear line
334 of 5 165 votesⓘ
Committees
AFET (substitute), INTA (substitute), SEDE
Member id
197694
More

Record

The member’s figures against the median of their group and of the chamber. Each vote counts the member in the group they belonged to that day.

Roll-call participation ⓘ

88.5 %

5 249 of 5 928 roll calls while in office

S&D median: 89.9 % (−1.3 pts)

Chamber median: 90.2 %

With majority line ⓘ

92.7 %

4 865 of 5 248 votes where their group had a line

S&D median: 96.3 % (−3.6 pts)

Against clear line ⓘ

6.5 %

334 of 5 165 votes where their group had a clear line

260 opposite (for ↔ against), 61 abstained against the line, 13 voted for or against when the line was to abstain

Abstention ⓘ

2.3 %

121 of 5 249 votes cast

Participation 88.5 % — S&D median 89.9 %, 138 members.ⓘ
Data as a table
Participation among the 138 members of the S&D with enough votes.
FigureParticipation
Raphaël GLUCKSMANN88.5 %
S&D median89.9 %
Lowest in the group30.4 %
Highest in the group99.6 %
Members138
With majority line 92.7 % — S&D median 96.3 %, 138 members.ⓘ
Data as a table
With majority line among the 138 members of the S&D with enough votes.
FigureWith majority line
Raphaël GLUCKSMANN92.7 %
S&D median96.3 %
Lowest in the group81.9 %
Highest in the group99.4 %
Members138
  • Whole term, 5 928 roll-call votes. The dots are the other members of S&D; no ranks.
  • “No vote recorded” is not the same as absent: leave, illness and chairing the sitting look the same.
  • A group’s line is inferred from its members’ votes — Parliament publishes no whip.

Votes, 620

Export

Every final roll-call vote of the term with the member’s position, newest first.

Result: for–against–abstained. Majority line: how most of the member’s group voted that day (“Tie” when no position won). ≠ group marks a vote otherwise than a clear line (at least two thirds, with at least 10 members voting) of their group.
DateDecisionResultPositionMajority line
16 Jun 2026Mobilisation of the European Globalisation Adjustment Fund for Displaced Workers following an application from Belgium – EGF/2025/009 BE/Soliver Passed 602 for, 47 against, 11 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
16 Jun 2026European political parties and foundations – 2026 report on the application of Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 2025/2445 and on the activities funded Adopted 426 for, 140 against, 107 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
16 Jun 2026Countering transnational repression – towards an EU strategy to protect Europe’s sovereignty and democratic values Adopted 434 for, 128 against, 104 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
16 Jun 2026Role of trade in strengthening the EU’s economic security Adopted 415 for, 105 against, 142 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
16 Jun 2026Reinforcing development cooperation to address irregular population movements and their root causes in partner countries Adopted 344 for, 237 against, 66 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
21 May 2026Amending Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 on prudential requirements for credit institutions as regards requirements for securitisation exposures Negotiating mandate approved 294 for, 192 against, 90 abstainedPosition: Against ≠ groupMajority line: For
21 May 2026Amending Regulation (EU) 2017/2402 on securitisation and a specific framework for simple, transparent and standardised securitisation Negotiating mandate approved 294 for, 194 against, 86 abstainedPosition: Against ≠ groupMajority line: For
21 May 2026Periodic roadworthiness tests and technical roadside inspection (Roadworthiness package) Negotiating mandate approved 369 for, 126 against, 84 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
21 May 2026Rights, support and protection of victims of crime Passed 440 for, 49 against, 84 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
21 May 2026Repression and execution of protesters, dissidents, political prisoners and religious minorities in Iran Adopted 516 for, 14 against, 39 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
21 May 2026Situation of women and girls in Afghanistan following the Taliban’s adoption of the Criminal Procedure Code for Courts Adopted 480 for, 5 against, 83 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
21 May 2026The cases of human rights and environmental defenders Andrie Yunus and Muhammad Rosidi in Indonesia Adopted 469 for, 38 against, 62 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
21 May 2026The multiannual plan for the Baltic Sea and ways forward Adopted 337 for, 178 against, 44 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
21 May 2026Advancing towards a care society: addressing the gender care gap Adopted 263 for, 83 against, 154 abstainedPosition: Abstained Majority line: Abstained
21 May 2026The need to reduce work-related fatalities Adopted 395 for, 12 against, 41 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026EU-Uzbekistan Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement Consent given 493 for, 104 against, 45 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026International Agreement on Olive Oil and Table Olives: amendment of Article 36 Consent given 644 for, 1 against, 2 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026United Nations Convention against Cybercrime Consent given 497 for, 91 against, 46 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026EU-Lebanon Agreement on cooperation between Eurojust and the authorities of Lebanon competent for judicial cooperation in criminal matters Consent given 581 for, 12 against, 45 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: For
20 May 2026EU-Cook Islands Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Agreement (2025-2032): Implementing Protocol Consent given 476 for, 101 against, 74 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026EC-São Tomé and Príncipe Fisheries Partnership Agreement (2025–2029): Implementing Protocol Consent given 545 for, 89 against, 15 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026EU-Canada Agreement laying down the conditions for the participation of Canadian legal entities and products originating in Canada to procurement under the SAFE Instrument Consent given 466 for, 169 against, 14 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026EU-Uzbekistan Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (resolution) Adopted 423 for, 16 against, 208 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026The impact of the implementation of the Maritime Spatial Planning Directive 2014/89/EU on fisheries in selected fishing areas and sea basins Adopted 518 for, 31 against, 102 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Adopted 369 for, 160 against, 112 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026Rule of law, fundamental rights and misuse of EU funds in Slovakia: the need for an EU response Adopted 347 for, 165 against, 25 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026Opportunities and challenges presented by a comprehensive artificial intelligence strategy for EU trade Adopted 527 for, 62 against, 59 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
19 May 2026Negative trade-related effects of global overcapacity on the Union steel market Passed 606 for, 16 against, 39 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
19 May 2026Screening of foreign investments in the Union Passed 508 for, 64 against, 90 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
19 May 2026Research Fund for Coal and Steel: research programme and multiannual technical and financial guidelines Passed 537 for, 17 against, 83 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
30 Apr 2026Convention Establishing an International Claims Commission for Ukraine Consent given 465 for, 57 against, 47 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
30 Apr 2026Escalating trafficking and exploitation by criminal groups in Haiti Adopted 511 for, 21 against, 42 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
30 Apr 2026New Chinese law on ‘ethnic unity and progress’ and the intensified suppression of ethnic identities Adopted 439 for, 52 against, 71 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
30 Apr 2026Shortcomings and deficiencies of the ‘Amnesty Law’ in Venezuela Adopted 507 for, 31 against, 35 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
30 Apr 2026Estimates of revenue and expenditure for the financial year 2027 – Section I – European Parliament Adopted 401 for, 116 against, 68 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
30 Apr 2026Financial literacy and the rise of finfluencers in the context of the savings and investments union Adopted 502 for, 46 against, 42 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
30 Apr 2026How to secure a sustainable future for the EU livestock sector in light of the need to ensure food security, farmers’ resilience and the challenges posed by animal diseases? Adopted 426 for, 119 against, 40 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
30 Apr 2026Women’s entrepreneurship in rural and island areas and outermost regions Adopted 404 for, 102 against, 67 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
30 Apr 2026Banking Union – annual report 2025 Adopted 376 for, 187 against, 17 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
30 Apr 2026Ensuring accountability and justice in response to Russia’s continued attacks against the civilian population in Ukraine Adopted 446 for, 63 against, 52 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
30 Apr 2026Supporting democratic resilience in Armenia Adopted 476 for, 47 against, 48 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
29 Apr 2026Simplification of certain requirements and procedures for chemical products Passed 540 for, 60 against, 45 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
29 Apr 2026Market stability reserve for the buildings, road transport and additional sector Passed 433 for, 120 against, 91 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
29 Apr 2026European Chemicals Agency and amending regulations Passed 526 for, 56 against, 69 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
29 Apr 2026Amendment of the European Electoral Act allowing Members to vote in plenary by proxy voting during pregnancy and after giving birth Consent given 616 for, 24 against, 8 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
29 Apr 2026EU-Iceland agreement on transfer of passenger name record (PNR) data to prevent, detect, investigate and prosecute terrorist offences and serious crime Consent given 532 for, 75 against, 28 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: For
29 Apr 2026International Cocoa Agreement Consent given 601 for, 13 against, 34 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
29 Apr 2026EU-USA-Iceland-Norway Air Transport Agreement, and EU-Iceland-Norway Ancillary Agreement on the application of the Air Transport Agreement Consent given 631 for, 6 against, 10 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
29 Apr 2026EU-Norway Agreement on transfer of passenger name record (PNR) data for the prevention, detection, investigation and prosecution of terrorist offences and serious crime Consent given 532 for, 72 against, 26 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: For
29 Apr 2026Discharge 2024: EU general budget – Commission Discharge decision adopted 418 for, 207 against, 14 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For

Show all 50 votes on this page

Roll-call participation

One cell per sitting while in office, shaded by the share of that day’s roll calls the member voted in. The official attendance register is kept separately by Parliament.

No vote recorded on 22 of 107 sittings with roll calls.

"No vote recorded" is not the same as absent: leave, illness and chairing the sitting look the same.

Data as a table
Roll calls held at each sitting while in office and how many of them the member voted in.
SittingRoll callsVoted in
17 Jul 20242323
18 Jul 202411
16 Sept 202420
18 Sept 202422
19 Sept 20249290
7 Oct 202422
8 Oct 202411
9 Oct 20241818
10 Oct 202444
21 Oct 202422
22 Oct 20241010
23 Oct 2024129126
24 Oct 20241312
13 Nov 202422
14 Nov 20243636
25 Nov 202422
26 Nov 2024187
27 Nov 20241111
28 Nov 20245756
17 Dec 20241313
18 Dec 20243333
19 Dec 20244545
20 Jan 202522
21 Jan 202511
22 Jan 202522
23 Jan 20254543
10 Feb 202511
11 Feb 20253232
12 Feb 20251010
13 Feb 2025300
10 Mar 202522
11 Mar 202599
12 Mar 2025228226
13 Mar 2025240
31 Mar 202533
1 Apr 20253535
2 Apr 2025251245
3 Apr 20256259
5 May 202555
6 May 2025109
7 May 2025220219
8 May 202510399
21 May 202520
22 May 20255350
16 Jun 202522
17 Jun 20254141
18 Jun 20259191
19 Jun 20258785
7 Jul 202510
8 Jul 20255552
9 Jul 2025134134
10 Jul 20253632
8 Sept 202510
9 Sept 20251010
10 Sept 20253433
11 Sept 2025690
6 Oct 202520
7 Oct 202555
8 Oct 2025550
9 Oct 20256565
20 Oct 202533
21 Oct 20251313
22 Oct 2025186182
23 Oct 20255553
13 Nov 2025267266
24 Nov 202533
25 Nov 20257575
26 Nov 202510083
27 Nov 2025125124
15 Dec 202544
16 Dec 20256657
17 Dec 20254341
18 Dec 2025420
20 Jan 20266763
21 Jan 2026112103
22 Jan 20265856
9 Feb 202620
10 Feb 20263838
11 Feb 20261313
12 Feb 2026141140
24 Feb 20264343
9 Mar 202610
10 Mar 2026197195
11 Mar 20266058
12 Mar 2026340
25 Mar 202630
26 Mar 2026690
27 Apr 202620
28 Apr 2026225222
29 Apr 2026296286
30 Apr 20266867
18 May 202640
19 May 202633
20 May 20269690
21 May 20269898
15 Jun 202620
16 Jun 20264038
17 Jun 2026127120
18 Jun 2026770
6 Jul 202620
7 Jul 20267272
8 Jul 2026144137
9 Jul 20266764
14 Sept 202610
15 Sept 2026155151
16 Sept 20268077
17 Sept 2026124123

Voting neighbours

Members who voted the same way most often in the roll calls they both took part in, within and outside the member’s group (group at the date of each vote), over all roll calls of the term.

At least 200 shared roll calls over at least six months in office together. Within = both sat in the same group on the date of the vote; a member who changed group can appear on both lists. Baseline = the median agreement of all pairs of members of the groups the two sat in on the date of each shared vote (within: the group they shared; outside: the two groups), weighted by the votes they shared in each combination.

Within S&D

Agreement: roll calls where both cast the same position, of the roll calls both voted in while in the same group (“shared”); a count below 50 shared. Baseline: the median agreement of every pair of members of that group.
SelectMemberGroupCountryAgreementBaseline
Thomas PELLERIN-CARLIN S&DFrance99 % of 5 187 shared93 %
Aurore LALUCQ S&DFrance99 % of 4 422 shared93 %
Emma RAFOWICZ S&DFrance99 % of 3 881 shared93 %
Christophe CLERGEAU S&DFrance99 % of 4 557 shared93 %
Murielle LAURENT S&DFrance99 % of 4 902 shared93 %
Eric SARGIACOMO S&DFrance99 % of 4 967 shared93 %
Nora MEBAREK S&DFrance99 % of 4 820 shared93 %
Pierre JOUVET S&DFrance98 % of 4 599 shared93 %
Claire FITA S&DFrance98 % of 4 155 shared93 %
Chloé RIDEL S&DFrance98 % of 3 319 shared93 %

Show all 10 neighbours

Outside the group

Agreement: roll calls where both cast the same position, of the roll calls both voted in while in different groups (“shared”); a count below 50 shared. Baseline: the median agreement of every pair of members of the groups the two sat in on those votes (groups at the date, weighted by the votes shared in each combination).
SelectMemberGroupCountryAgreementBaseline
Terry REINTKE GreensGermany88 % of 4 886 shared83 %
Veronika CIFROVÁ OSTRIHOŇOVÁ RenewSlovakia88 % of 4 134 shared86 %
Catarina VIEIRA GreensNetherlands88 % of 4 882 shared83 %
Kim VAN SPARRENTAK GreensNetherlands88 % of 4 858 shared83 %
Bas EICKHOUT Former memberGreensNetherlands88 % of 4 195 shared83 %
Anna CAVAZZINI GreensGermany88 % of 5 223 shared83 %
Erik MARQUARDT GreensGermany88 % of 5 000 shared83 %
Sara MATTHIEU GreensBelgium88 % of 4 546 shared83 %
Daniel FREUND GreensGermany88 % of 5 236 shared83 %
Kai TEGETHOFF GreensGermany88 % of 4 665 shared83 %

Show all 10 neighbours

Work

Seats in committees, delegations and intergroups, and the dossiers the member leads, shadows or negotiates.

Seats

Body: the committee, delegation or intergroup, with its kind. Role: the member’s role in it. From, To: the dates of the seat (“now” while it lasts).
BodyRoleFromTo
Committee on Foreign AffairsAFET CommitteeSubstitute10 Mar 2026now
Committee on International TradeINTA CommitteeSubstitute15 Dec 2025now
Committee on Security and DefenceSEDE CommitteeMember23 Jan 2025now
Special Committee on the European Democracy ShieldEUDS Special committeeSubstitute23 Jan 2025now
Delegation to the EU-Ukraine Parliamentary Association CommitteeD-UA DelegationMember19 Sept 2024now
Delegation to the Euronest Parliamentary AssemblyDEPA Parliamentary assemblyMember19 Sept 2024now
Intergroup on Anti-CorruptionIG10-01 Intergroup / working groupMember16 Jan 2025now
Intergroup on LGBTIQ+IG10-16 Intergroup / working groupMember31 Jan 2025now
Intergroup on Mental HealthIG10-17 Intergroup / working groupMember5 Feb 2025now
Intergroup on Seas, Rivers, Islands and Coastal Areas (SEARICA)IG10-20 Intergroup / working groupMember4 Feb 2025now

Show all 15 seats

Dossiers

Dossier: the procedure the declaration names (“No dossier named” for a delegation without one). Role: rapporteur, shadow rapporteur, negotiator or delegation. Committee: the committee that appointed them. Date: of the declaration.
DossierRoleCommitteeDate
European Defence Industry Programme and a framework of measures to ensure the timely availability and supply of defence products (‘EDIP’)RapporteurSEDE14 Mar 2025
2021/0297(COD) Generalised scheme of tariff preferencesShadow rapporteurINTA20 Jan 2025
Rapporteur fictif permanent sur la RussieShadow rapporteurAFET15 Nov 2024
Rapporteur permanent pour le suivi des législations sur le travail forcé et le devoir de vigilanceRapporteurINTA15 Nov 2024
Proposition de règlement du Parlement européen et du Conseil relatif au filtrage des investissements étrangers dans l’Union et abrogeant le règlement (UE) 2019/452 du Parlement européen et du ConseilRapporteurINTA9 Nov 2024

Show all 5 dossier roles

Topics they work on (model-assigned)

Counts: dossiers they spoke on, led or amended, and their questions and motions.

In the chamber

Speeches and statements in plenary debates, newest first; the verbatim report is on Parliament’s site.

46 contributions recorded; 5 on behalf of their group; 64 minutes of speaking time.

Show all 40 recent contributions

Questions and motions, 50

Parliamentary questions and motions for resolutions the member authored or co-signed, newest first.

Date: tabled. Title: the question or motion, with its id. Kind: written question or motion for a resolution, with the number of co-authors. Answer: the date of the answer to a question.
DateTitleKindAnswer
2 Sept 2026Protecting workers from extreme heatwaves E-10-2026-003456Written questionwith 8 co-authorsNot yet answered
15 Jul 2026Update by the Commission of its guidelines on tackling online disinformation during electoral processes E-10-2026-002950Written questionwith 31 co-authors11 Sept 2026
14 Jul 2026Preserving EU capacities to produce paper pulp and cellulose fibres – state of affairs at Fibre Excellence P-10-2026-002901Priority written questionwith 12 co-authors12 Aug 2026
8 Jul 2026Arbitrations under the Energy Charter Treaty brought against the EU by entities linked to sanctioned individuals E-10-2026-002842Written question17 Sept 2026
1 Jul 2026PROPOSAL FOR A DECISION requesting the Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations to verify whether Europe of Sovereign Nations Party complies with the conditions laid down in Article 3(1), points (d) and (e), of Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2025/2445 B-10-2026-0338Motion for a resolutionwith 246 co-authors—
30 Jun 2026Follow-up to question for written answer E-001083/2025 on menstrual products: transparency and health risks E-10-2026-002698Written questionwith 43 co-authors18 Sept 2026
18 Jun 2026Human trafficking and human rights violations through recruitment of non-Russian nationals, in particular from Africa, for Russia’s war of aggression in Ukraine E-10-2026-002532Written questionwith 27 co-authors6 Aug 2026
17 Jun 2026Request that the Commission publish evidence pertaining to the non-activation of the Blocking Statute E-10-2026-002520Written questionwith 31 co-authorsNot yet answered
5 Jun 2026Alleged forced labour at the BYD construction site in Szeged, Hungary: follow-up E-10-2026-002325Written questionwith 2 co-authors22 Jul 2026
23 Apr 2026Risks hanging over the European steel industry and use of public funding by ArcelorMittal E-10-2026-001682Written questionwith 12 co-authors8 Jun 2026

Show all 50 questions and motions

Amendments tabled in committee, 64

Committee amendment documents that carry amendments by the member, with how many are theirs.

Date: of the amendment document. Text amended: the dossier and the document’s id. Committee: where the amendments were tabled. Amendments: how many in the document are the member’s.
DateText amendedCommitteeAmendments
22 Jul 2026The 28th regime corporate legal framework – 'EU Inc.' JURI-AM-791128 JURI4
22 Jul 2026The 28th regime corporate legal framework – ‘EU Inc.’ JURI-AM-791129 JURI1
5 Jun 2026Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activities ITRE-AM-788898 ITRE1
18 May 2026Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activities ITRE-AM-788892 ITRE3
18 May 2026Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activities ITRE-AM-788896 ITRE16
18 May 2026Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activities ITRE-AM-788895 ITRE2
18 May 2026Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activities ITRE-AM-788902 ITRE10
18 May 2026Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activities ITRE-AM-788897 ITRE1
18 May 2026Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activities ITRE-AM-788849 ITRE1
18 May 2026Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activities ITRE-AM-788900 ITRE4

Show all 64 amendment documents

Connections

Dossiers they lead or shadow, committees, party, delegation and other related pages.

Political group

National delegation

  • Delegation France National delegation

Sources & citation

Where the facts on this page come from, and how to cite it.

Data source
Licensed CC BY 4.0.
Data version
data version f37e5638cded (25 Sept 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1 · methods
Retrieved
25 September 2026

Cite as

EU Parl Watch Research (2026). “Raphaël GLUCKSMANN”. Member record. memberId 197694. EU Parl Watch Research. https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/197694?page=3 (retrieved 25 September 2026). Official source: Member’s profile, European Parliament, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/197694. Data: EP Open Data: member record, https://data.europarl.europa.eu/api/v2/meps/197694?format=application%2Fld%2Bjson (CC BY 4.0); data version f37e5638cded (25 Sept 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1.
BibTeX
@misc{epw-member-197694,
  author = {{EU Parl Watch Research}},
  title = {{Raphaël GLUCKSMANN}},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/197694?page=3}},
  url = {https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/197694?page=3},
  urldate = {2026-09-25},
  publisher = {EU Parl Watch Research},
  note = {Member record. memberId 197694. Official source: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/197694. Data: EP Open Data: member record (CC BY 4.0); data version f37e5638cded (25 Sept 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1}
}