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Member

Raffaele TOPO

S&D · Italy

Group
S&D
Country
Italy
Roll-call participation
92.1 %ⓘ of 620 roll calls in office · chamber median 90.6 % · whole term, final votes
With majority line
98.8 %ⓘ of 571 votes where the group had a line · S&D median 97.1 %
More facts (5)
National party
PD Partito Democratico
In office
Since 16 Jul 2024
Against clear line
5 of 565 votesⓘ
Committees
BUDG (substitute), EMPL, ENVI (substitute), REGI, SANT (substitute)
Member id
257148
More
Cite this page EP profile (opens the official site)
Link to this page

Record

The member’s figures against the median of their group and of the chamber. Each vote counts the member in the group they belonged to that day.

Period Whole term2024 (from July)20252026
Custom dates
Votes Final votes620All roll calls5 928

Roll-call participation ⓘ

92.1 %

571 of 620 final votes while in office

S&D median: 89.5 % (+2.6 pts)

Chamber median: 90.6 %

With majority line ⓘ

98.8 %

564 of 571 votes where their group had a line

S&D median: 97.1 % (+1.7 pts)

Against clear line ⓘ

0.9 %

5 of 565 votes where their group had a clear line

3 opposite (for ↔ against), 1 abstained against the line, 1 voted for or against when the line was to abstain

Abstention ⓘ

0.7 %

4 of 571 votes cast

Participation 92.1 % — S&D median 89.5 %, 137 members.ⓘ
Data as a table
Participation among the 137 members of the S&D with enough votes.
FigureParticipation
Raffaele TOPO92.1 %
S&D median89.5 %
Lowest in the group48.1 %
Highest in the group99.8 %
Members137
With majority line 98.8 % — S&D median 97.1 %, 137 members.ⓘ
Data as a table
With majority line among the 137 members of the S&D with enough votes.
FigureWith majority line
Raffaele TOPO98.8 %
S&D median97.1 %
Lowest in the group86.7 %
Highest in the group99.8 %
Members137
  • Whole term, 620 final votes; 620 of 794 decisions had a final vote recorded by name. The dots are the other members of S&D; no ranks.
  • “No vote recorded” is not the same as absent: leave, illness and chairing the sitting look the same.
  • A group’s line is inferred from its members’ votes — Parliament publishes no whip.

Votes, 620

Export

Every final roll-call vote of the term with the member’s position, newest first.

Show Final votesAll roll calls
Result: for–against–abstained. Majority line: how most of the member’s group voted that day (“Tie” when no position won). ≠ group marks a vote otherwise than a clear line (at least two thirds, with at least 10 members voting) of their group.
DateDecisionResultPositionMajority line
16 Jun 2026Mobilisation of the European Globalisation Adjustment Fund for Displaced Workers following an application from Belgium – EGF/2025/009 BE/Soliver Passed 602 for, 47 against, 11 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
16 Jun 2026European political parties and foundations – 2026 report on the application of Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 2025/2445 and on the activities funded Adopted 426 for, 140 against, 107 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
16 Jun 2026Countering transnational repression – towards an EU strategy to protect Europe’s sovereignty and democratic values Adopted 434 for, 128 against, 104 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
16 Jun 2026Role of trade in strengthening the EU’s economic security Adopted 415 for, 105 against, 142 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
16 Jun 2026Reinforcing development cooperation to address irregular population movements and their root causes in partner countries Adopted 344 for, 237 against, 66 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
21 May 2026Amending Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 on prudential requirements for credit institutions as regards requirements for securitisation exposures Negotiating mandate approved 294 for, 192 against, 90 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
21 May 2026Amending Regulation (EU) 2017/2402 on securitisation and a specific framework for simple, transparent and standardised securitisation Negotiating mandate approved 294 for, 194 against, 86 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
21 May 2026Periodic roadworthiness tests and technical roadside inspection (Roadworthiness package) Negotiating mandate approved 369 for, 126 against, 84 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
21 May 2026Rights, support and protection of victims of crime Passed 440 for, 49 against, 84 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
21 May 2026Repression and execution of protesters, dissidents, political prisoners and religious minorities in Iran Adopted 516 for, 14 against, 39 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
21 May 2026Situation of women and girls in Afghanistan following the Taliban’s adoption of the Criminal Procedure Code for Courts Adopted 480 for, 5 against, 83 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
21 May 2026The cases of human rights and environmental defenders Andrie Yunus and Muhammad Rosidi in Indonesia Adopted 469 for, 38 against, 62 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
21 May 2026The multiannual plan for the Baltic Sea and ways forward Adopted 337 for, 178 against, 44 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
21 May 2026Advancing towards a care society: addressing the gender care gap Adopted 263 for, 83 against, 154 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: Abstained
21 May 2026The need to reduce work-related fatalities Adopted 395 for, 12 against, 41 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: For
20 May 2026EU-Uzbekistan Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement Consent given 493 for, 104 against, 45 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026International Agreement on Olive Oil and Table Olives: amendment of Article 36 Consent given 644 for, 1 against, 2 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026United Nations Convention against Cybercrime Consent given 497 for, 91 against, 46 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026EU-Lebanon Agreement on cooperation between Eurojust and the authorities of Lebanon competent for judicial cooperation in criminal matters Consent given 581 for, 12 against, 45 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026EU-Cook Islands Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Agreement (2025-2032): Implementing Protocol Consent given 476 for, 101 against, 74 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026EC-São Tomé and Príncipe Fisheries Partnership Agreement (2025–2029): Implementing Protocol Consent given 545 for, 89 against, 15 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026EU-Canada Agreement laying down the conditions for the participation of Canadian legal entities and products originating in Canada to procurement under the SAFE Instrument Consent given 466 for, 169 against, 14 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026EU-Uzbekistan Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (resolution) Adopted 423 for, 16 against, 208 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026The impact of the implementation of the Maritime Spatial Planning Directive 2014/89/EU on fisheries in selected fishing areas and sea basins Adopted 518 for, 31 against, 102 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Adopted 369 for, 160 against, 112 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026Rule of law, fundamental rights and misuse of EU funds in Slovakia: the need for an EU response Adopted 347 for, 165 against, 25 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026Opportunities and challenges presented by a comprehensive artificial intelligence strategy for EU trade Adopted 527 for, 62 against, 59 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
19 May 2026Negative trade-related effects of global overcapacity on the Union steel market Passed 606 for, 16 against, 39 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
19 May 2026Screening of foreign investments in the Union Passed 508 for, 64 against, 90 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
19 May 2026Research Fund for Coal and Steel: research programme and multiannual technical and financial guidelines Passed 537 for, 17 against, 83 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
30 Apr 2026Convention Establishing an International Claims Commission for Ukraine Consent given 465 for, 57 against, 47 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
30 Apr 2026Escalating trafficking and exploitation by criminal groups in Haiti Adopted 511 for, 21 against, 42 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
30 Apr 2026New Chinese law on ‘ethnic unity and progress’ and the intensified suppression of ethnic identities Adopted 439 for, 52 against, 71 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: For
30 Apr 2026Shortcomings and deficiencies of the ‘Amnesty Law’ in Venezuela Adopted 507 for, 31 against, 35 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
30 Apr 2026Estimates of revenue and expenditure for the financial year 2027 – Section I – European Parliament Adopted 401 for, 116 against, 68 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
30 Apr 2026Financial literacy and the rise of finfluencers in the context of the savings and investments union Adopted 502 for, 46 against, 42 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
30 Apr 2026How to secure a sustainable future for the EU livestock sector in light of the need to ensure food security, farmers’ resilience and the challenges posed by animal diseases? Adopted 426 for, 119 against, 40 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
30 Apr 2026Women’s entrepreneurship in rural and island areas and outermost regions Adopted 404 for, 102 against, 67 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
30 Apr 2026Banking Union – annual report 2025 Adopted 376 for, 187 against, 17 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
30 Apr 2026Ensuring accountability and justice in response to Russia’s continued attacks against the civilian population in Ukraine Adopted 446 for, 63 against, 52 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
30 Apr 2026Supporting democratic resilience in Armenia Adopted 476 for, 47 against, 48 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
29 Apr 2026Simplification of certain requirements and procedures for chemical products Passed 540 for, 60 against, 45 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
29 Apr 2026Market stability reserve for the buildings, road transport and additional sector Passed 433 for, 120 against, 91 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
29 Apr 2026European Chemicals Agency and amending regulations Passed 526 for, 56 against, 69 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
29 Apr 2026Amendment of the European Electoral Act allowing Members to vote in plenary by proxy voting during pregnancy and after giving birth Consent given 616 for, 24 against, 8 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
29 Apr 2026EU-Iceland agreement on transfer of passenger name record (PNR) data to prevent, detect, investigate and prosecute terrorist offences and serious crime Consent given 532 for, 75 against, 28 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
29 Apr 2026International Cocoa Agreement Consent given 601 for, 13 against, 34 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
29 Apr 2026EU-USA-Iceland-Norway Air Transport Agreement, and EU-Iceland-Norway Ancillary Agreement on the application of the Air Transport Agreement Consent given 631 for, 6 against, 10 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
29 Apr 2026EU-Norway Agreement on transfer of passenger name record (PNR) data for the prevention, detection, investigation and prosecution of terrorist offences and serious crime Consent given 532 for, 72 against, 26 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
29 Apr 2026Discharge 2024: EU general budget – Commission Discharge decision adopted 418 for, 207 against, 14 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For

Show all 50 votes on this page

Roll-call participation

One cell per sitting while in office, shaded by the share of that day’s roll calls the member voted in. The official attendance register is kept separately by Parliament.

No vote recorded on 4 of 80 sittings with roll calls.

"No vote recorded" is not the same as absent: leave, illness and chairing the sitting look the same.

Data as a table
Roll calls held at each sitting while in office and how many of them the member voted in.
SittingRoll callsVoted in
17 Jul 202411
18 Sept 202422
19 Sept 202466
8 Oct 202411
9 Oct 202422
10 Oct 202411
22 Oct 202455
23 Oct 202422
24 Oct 202422
14 Nov 202455
26 Nov 202488
27 Nov 202476
28 Nov 202466
17 Dec 202466
18 Dec 202477
19 Dec 202454
21 Jan 202511
22 Jan 202511
23 Jan 202543
11 Feb 202544
12 Feb 202544
13 Feb 202522
11 Mar 202544
12 Mar 202577
13 Mar 202533
1 Apr 202577
2 Apr 202599
3 Apr 202555
6 May 202544
7 May 20252020
8 May 2025129
22 May 202560
17 Jun 202588
18 Jun 202576
19 Jun 202566
8 Jul 202588
9 Jul 20251414
10 Jul 202577
9 Sept 202566
10 Sept 20251515
11 Sept 202587
7 Oct 202544
8 Oct 2025100
9 Oct 20251010
21 Oct 202588
22 Oct 202560
23 Oct 202555
13 Nov 20251616
25 Nov 2025130
26 Nov 20251010
27 Nov 20251111
16 Dec 20251111
17 Dec 20251111
18 Dec 202566
20 Jan 202666
21 Jan 202688
22 Jan 202687
10 Feb 202688
11 Feb 20261010
12 Feb 202688
24 Feb 202611
10 Mar 202699
11 Mar 20261212
12 Mar 202666
26 Mar 20261313
28 Apr 20261414
29 Apr 20261717
30 Apr 20261110
19 May 202633
20 May 20261212
21 May 2026108
16 Jun 20261010
17 Jun 20261616
18 Jun 202677
7 Jul 20261515
8 Jul 20261515
9 Jul 202644
15 Sept 20261212
16 Sept 20261616
17 Sept 2026108

Voting neighbours

Members who voted the same way most often in the roll calls they both took part in, within and outside the member’s group (group at the date of each vote), over all roll calls of the term.

At least 200 shared roll calls over at least six months in office together. Within = both sat in the same group on the date of the vote; a member who changed group can appear on both lists. Baseline = the median agreement of all pairs of members of the groups the two sat in on the date of each shared vote (within: the group they shared; outside: the two groups), weighted by the votes they shared in each combination.

Within S&D

Agreement: roll calls where both cast the same position, of the roll calls both voted in while in the same group (“shared”); a count below 50 shared. Baseline: the median agreement of every pair of members of that group.
SelectMemberGroupCountryAgreementBaseline
Matteo RICCI S&DItaly98 % of 4 369 shared93 %
Irene TINAGLI S&DItaly98 % of 5 241 shared93 %
Giuseppe LUPO S&DItaly98 % of 5 029 shared93 %
Antonio DECARO Former memberS&DItaly97 % of 2 060 shared93 %
Sandro RUOTOLO S&DItaly97 % of 4 034 shared93 %
Georgia TRAMACERE S&DItaly97 % of 1 977 shared93 %
Alessandra MORETTI S&DItaly97 % of 5 080 shared93 %
Pierfrancesco MARAN S&DItaly97 % of 4 994 shared93 %
Stefano BONACCINI S&DItaly97 % of 5 080 shared93 %
Annalisa CORRADO S&DItaly97 % of 4 387 shared93 %

Outside the group

Agreement: roll calls where both cast the same position, of the roll calls both voted in while in different groups (“shared”); a count below 50 shared. Baseline: the median agreement of every pair of members of the groups the two sat in on those votes (groups at the date, weighted by the votes shared in each combination).
SelectMemberGroupCountryAgreementBaseline
Elisabetta GUALMINI changed group RenewItaly89 % of 1 724 shared86 %
Jana TOOM RenewEstonia89 % of 4 608 shared86 %
Ľudovít ÓDOR RenewSlovakia89 % of 5 071 shared86 %
Yvan VEROUGSTRAETE RenewBelgium88 % of 3 777 shared86 %
Gerben-Jan GERBRANDY RenewNetherlands88 % of 5 285 shared86 %
Dainius ŽALIMAS RenewLithuania88 % of 5 002 shared86 %
Raquel GARCÍA HERMIDA-VAN DER WALLE RenewNetherlands88 % of 5 344 shared86 %
Irena JOVEVA RenewSlovenia88 % of 5 051 shared86 %
Bernard GUETTA RenewFrance88 % of 4 745 shared86 %
Marjan ŠAREC RenewSlovenia88 % of 4 787 shared86 %

Work

Seats in committees, delegations and intergroups, and the dossiers the member leads, shadows or negotiates.

Seats

Body: the committee, delegation or intergroup, with its kind. Role: the member’s role in it. From, To: the dates of the seat (“now” while it lasts).
BodyRoleFromTo
Committee on BudgetsBUDG CommitteeSubstitute22 Jul 2024now
Committee on Employment and Social AffairsEMPL CommitteeMember19 Jul 2024now
Committee on the Environment, Climate and Food SafetyENVI CommitteeSubstitute20 Jan 2025now
Committee on Regional DevelopmentREGI CommitteeMember19 Jul 2024now
Committee on Public HealthSANT CommitteeSubstitute23 Jan 2025now
Delegation for relations with the countries of the Andean CommunityDAND DelegationMember19 Sept 2024now
Delegation to the Euro-Latin American Parliamentary AssemblyDLAT Parliamentary assemblySubstitute19 Sept 2024now
Intergroup on Cancer and Rare DiseasesIG10-05 Intergroup / working groupMember27 Jan 2025now
Intergroup on the Future of Education and Skills for a Competitive EuropeIG10-14 Intergroup / working groupMember29 Jan 2025now
Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food SafetyENVI CommitteeSubstitute13 Sept 202419 Jan 2025

Show all 12 seats

Dossiers

No rapporteur, shadow or negotiator role recorded this term.

Topics they work on (model-assigned)

Counts: dossiers they spoke on, led or amended, and their questions and motions.

In the chamber

Speeches and statements in plenary debates, newest first; the verbatim report is on Parliament’s site.

3 contributions recorded; 4 minutes of speaking time.

Date: the sitting. Debate: the item debated, and the group when they spoke on its behalf. Kind: speech or written statement, with speaking time. Verbatim: the verbatim report on Parliament’s site.
DateDebateKindVerbatim
12 Mar 2025Social and employment aspects of restructuring processes: the need to protect jobs and workers’ rights (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
16 Dec 2024Regional Emergency Support: RESTORE (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
23 Oct 2024The important role of cities and regions in the EU – for a green, social and prosperous local development (debate) Speech · 1 minRead

Questions and motions, 39

Parliamentary questions and motions for resolutions the member authored or co-signed, newest first.

Date: tabled. Title: the question or motion, with its id. Kind: written question or motion for a resolution, with the number of co-authors. Answer: the date of the answer to a question.
DateTitleKindAnswer
7 Sept 2026Extraterritorial impact of the US designation of Autistici/Inventati as a terrorist entity P-10-2026-003526Priority written questionwith 28 co-authorsNot yet answered
1 Jul 2026PROPOSAL FOR A DECISION requesting the Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations to verify whether Europe of Sovereign Nations Party complies with the conditions laid down in Article 3(1), points (d) and (e), of Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2025/2445 B-10-2026-0338Motion for a resolutionwith 246 co-authors—
24 Jun 2026State of play of the EU authorisation procedure for concessions from social security contributions for large companies in Southern Italy (Italian Law No 207/2024). E-10-2026-002591Written questionwith 4 co-authors25 Aug 2026
29 Jan 2026Activating EU funds and support instruments for Sicily, Sardinia and Calabria in the wake of Cyclone Harry P-10-2026-000378Priority written questionwith 20 co-authors12 Mar 2026
17 Dec 2025EU Strategy for early screening of type 1 diabetes and support for Member States E-10-2025-004997Written questionwith 2 co-authors9 Mar 2026
10 Dec 2025Four international activists assaulted by extremist Israeli settlers near Jericho (West Bank) E-10-2025-004885Written questionwith 9 co-authors5 Feb 2026
20 Nov 2025EU funding of companies linked to spyware and illegal surveillance E-10-2025-004636Written questionwith 54 co-authors20 Feb 2026
12 Nov 2025The sacking of journalist Gabriele Nunziati over a question he asked the Commission E-10-2025-004502Written questionwith 22 co-authorsNot yet answered
15 Oct 2025Resolution of infringement procedure C-297/08 – Campania Region P-10-2025-004051Priority written question10 Nov 2025
24 Sept 2025Protecting doctors’ health: full implementation of Directive 2003/88/EC on working time E-10-2025-003712Written questionwith 15 co-authors20 Nov 2025

Show all 39 questions and motions

Amendments tabled in committee, 37

Committee amendment documents that carry amendments by the member, with how many are theirs.

Date: of the amendment document. Text amended: the dossier and the document’s id. Committee: where the amendments were tabled. Amendments: how many in the document are the member’s.
DateText amendedCommitteeAmendments
10 Jul 2026on the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) 2019/631 as regards CO2 emission performance standards for new light duty vehicles and vehicle labelling and repealing Directive 1999/94/EC ENVI-AM-789913 ENVI1
23 Jun 2026on the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing the European Fund for economic, social and territorial cohesion, agriculture and rural, fisheries and maritime, prosperity and security for the period 2028-2034 and amending Regulation (EU) 2023/955 and Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2024/2509 CJ71-AM-790098 CJ711
23 Jun 2026on the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing the European Fund for economic, social and territorial cohesion, agriculture and rural, fisheries and maritime, prosperity and security for the period 2028-2034 and amending Regulation (EU) 2023/955 and Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2024/2509 CJ71-AM-790155 CJ711
23 Jun 2026on the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing the European Fund for economic, social and territorial cohesion, agriculture and rural, fisheries and maritime, prosperity and security for the period 2028-2034 and amending Regulation (EU) 2023/955 and Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2024/2509 CJ71-AM-790101 CJ713
18 Jun 2026Amending Regulation (EU) 2019/631 as regards CO2 emission performance standards for new light duty vehicles and vehicle labelling and repealing Directive 1999/94/EC ENVI-AM-789912 ENVI2
11 Mar 2026Amending Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013 as regards the school fruit, vegetables and milk scheme (‘EU school scheme’), sectoral interventions, the creation of a protein sector, requirements for hemp, the possibility for marketing standards for cheese, protein crops and meat, application of additional import duties, rules on the availability of supplies in time of emergencies and severe crisis and securities REGI-AM-785398 REGI7
24 Feb 2026on an EU cardiovascular diseases strategy SANT-AM-785129 SANT2
24 Feb 2026on an EU cardiovascular strategy SANT-AM-785128 SANT1
24 Feb 2026on an EU cardiovascular diseases strategy SANT-AM-784411 SANT5
12 Feb 2026Findings and recommendations of the Special Committee on the European Democracy Shield EUDS-AM-784367 EUDS2

Show all 37 amendment documents

Connections

Dossiers they lead or shadow, committees, party, delegation and other related pages.

Political group

National delegation

  • Delegation Italy National delegation

Sources & citation

Where the facts on this page come from, and how to cite it.

Permalink
https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/257148?nb=all&page=3&scope=final
Official source
Data source
Licensed CC BY 4.0.
Data version
data version f37e5638cded (25 Sept 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1 · methods
Retrieved
25 September 2026

Cite as

EU Parl Watch Research (2026). “Raffaele TOPO”. Member record. memberId 257148. EU Parl Watch Research. https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/257148?nb=all&page=3&scope=final (retrieved 25 September 2026). Official source: Member’s profile, European Parliament, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/257148. Data: EP Open Data: member record, https://data.europarl.europa.eu/api/v2/meps/257148?format=application%2Fld%2Bjson (CC BY 4.0); data version f37e5638cded (25 Sept 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1.
BibTeX 
@misc{epw-member-257148,
  author = {{EU Parl Watch Research}},
  title = {{Raffaele TOPO}},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/257148?nb=all&page=3&scope=final}},
  url = {https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/257148?nb=all&page=3&scope=final},
  urldate = {2026-09-25},
  publisher = {EU Parl Watch Research},
  note = {Member record. memberId 257148. Official source: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/257148. Data: EP Open Data: member record (CC BY 4.0); data version f37e5638cded (25 Sept 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1}
}