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Member

Bruno TOBBACK

S&D · Belgium

Group
S&D
Country
Belgium
Roll-call participation
94.0 %ⓘ of 620 roll calls in office · chamber median 90.6 % · whole term, final votes
With majority line
99.0 %ⓘ of 583 votes where the group had a line · S&D median 97.1 %
More facts (5)
National party
Vooruit
In office
Since 16 Jul 2024
Against clear line
3 of 576 votesⓘ
Committees
ENVI (substitute), ITRE
Member id
256885
More

Record

The member’s figures against the median of their group and of the chamber. Each vote counts the member in the group they belonged to that day.

Roll-call participation ⓘ

94.0 %

583 of 620 final votes while in office

S&D median: 89.5 % (+4.5 pts)

Chamber median: 90.6 %

With majority line ⓘ

99.0 %

577 of 583 votes where their group had a line

S&D median: 97.1 % (+1.9 pts)

Against clear line ⓘ

0.5 %

3 of 576 votes where their group had a clear line

2 opposite (for ↔ against), 1 abstained against the line

Abstention ⓘ

1.0 %

6 of 583 votes cast

Participation 94.0 % — S&D median 89.5 %, 137 members.ⓘ
Data as a table
Participation among the 137 members of the S&D with enough votes.
FigureParticipation
Bruno TOBBACK94.0 %
S&D median89.5 %
Lowest in the group48.1 %
Highest in the group99.8 %
Members137
With majority line 99.0 % — S&D median 97.1 %, 137 members.ⓘ
Data as a table
With majority line among the 137 members of the S&D with enough votes.
FigureWith majority line
Bruno TOBBACK99.0 %
S&D median97.1 %
Lowest in the group86.7 %
Highest in the group99.8 %
Members137
  • Whole term, 620 final votes; 620 of 794 decisions had a final vote recorded by name. The dots are the other members of S&D; no ranks.
  • “No vote recorded” is not the same as absent: leave, illness and chairing the sitting look the same.
  • A group’s line is inferred from its members’ votes — Parliament publishes no whip.

Votes, 620

Export

Every final roll-call vote of the term with the member’s position, newest first.

Result: for–against–abstained. Majority line: how most of the member’s group voted that day (“Tie” when no position won). ≠ group marks a vote otherwise than a clear line (at least two thirds, with at least 10 members voting) of their group.
DateDecisionResultPositionMajority line
23 Jan 2025Russia’s disinformation and historical falsification to justify its war of aggression against Ukraine Adopted 480 for, 58 against, 48 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
23 Jan 2025Situation in Venezuela following the usurpation of the presidency on 10 January 2025 Adopted 374 for, 53 against, 163 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
22 Jan 2025Need for actions to address the continued oppression and fake elections in Belarus Adopted 567 for, 25 against, 66 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
21 Jan 2025EU/Republic of Serbia agreement on operational activities carried out by the European Border and Coast Guard Agency in the Republic of Serbia Consent given 505 for, 90 against, 43 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
19 Dec 2024Amending Directive 2009/38/EC as regards the establishment and functioning of European Works Councils and the effective enforcement of transnational information and consultation rights Negotiating mandate approved 300 for, 254 against, 21 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
19 Dec 2024Human rights situation in Kyrgyzstan, in particular the case of Temirlan Sultanbekov Adopted 492 for, 28 against, 41 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
19 Dec 202411th year of the occupation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol by the Russian Federation and the deteriorating human rights situation in occupied Crimea, notably the cases of Iryna Danylovych, Tofik Abdulhaziiev and Amet Suleymanov Adopted 446 for, 25 against, 51 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
19 Dec 2024Continued repression of civil society and independent media in Azerbaijan and the cases of Dr Gubad Ibadoghlu, Anar Mammadli, Kamran Mammadli, Rufat Safarov and Meydan TV Adopted 434 for, 30 against, 89 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
19 Dec 2024Recommendation to the Council on the EU priorities for the 69th session of the UN Commission on the Status of Women Adopted 322 for, 163 against, 46 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
18 Dec 2024EC-Pacific States Interim Partnership Agreement: accession of Tonga Consent given 545 for, 81 against, 26 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
18 Dec 2024EC-Pacific States Interim Partnership Agreement: accession of Niue Consent given 543 for, 77 against, 31 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
18 Dec 2024Conclusion, on behalf of the European Union, of the United Nations Convention on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor-State Arbitration Consent given 591 for, 7 against, 53 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
18 Dec 2024EC-Pacific States Interim Partnership Agreement: accession of Tuvalu Consent given 533 for, 74 against, 26 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
18 Dec 2024Amendment of Annex VI – Powers and responsibilities of the standing committees Adopted 448 for, 161 against, 40 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
18 Dec 2024Setting up a Special Committee on the European Democracy Shield, and defining its responsibilities, numerical strength and term of office Adopted 441 for, 178 against, 34 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
18 Dec 2024Setting up a Special Committee on the Housing Crisis in the European Union, and defining its responsibilities, numerical strength and term of office Adopted 480 for, 148 against, 20 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
17 Dec 2024Deforestation Regulation: provisions relating to the date of application Passed 546 for, 97 against, 7 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
17 Dec 2024Specific measures under the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) for Member States affected by natural disasters Passed 644 for, 6 against, 3 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
17 Dec 2024Regional Emergency Support: RESTORE Passed 638 for, 10 against, 5 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
17 Dec 2024Forest reproductive material of the ‘tested’ category Passed 499 for, 131 against, 27 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
17 Dec 2024Mobilisation of the European Globalisation Adjustment Fund: application EGF/2024/002 BE/Limburg machinery and paper – Belgium Passed 599 for, 50 against, 7 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
17 Dec 2024Activities of the European Ombudsman – annual report 2023 Adopted 598 for, 17 against, 37 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024Hong Kong, notably the cases of Jimmy Lai and the 45 activists recently convicted under the national security law Adopted 473 for, 23 against, 98 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024The increasing and systematic repression of women in Iran Adopted 562 for, 2 against, 30 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024The shrinking space for civil society in Cambodia, in particular the case of the labour rights organisation CENTRAL Adopted 492 for, 5 against, 102 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024Georgia's worsening democratic crisis following the recent parliamentary elections and alleged electoral fraud Adopted 444 for, 72 against, 82 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024Reinforcing EU’s unwavering support to Ukraine against Russia’s war of aggression and the increasing military cooperation between North Korea and Russia Adopted 390 for, 135 against, 52 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024Recommendation on smoke- and aerosol-free environments Rejected 152 for, 378 against, 26 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
27 Nov 2024Amending Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 as regards Vanuatu Passed 627 for, 6 against, 37 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
27 Nov 2024Mobilisation of the European Union Solidarity Fund to provide assistance to Germany and Italy relating to floods occurred in 2024 Passed 660 for, 11 against, 4 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
27 Nov 2024Draft amending budget No 5/2024: adjustment in payment appropriations, update of revenues and other technical updates Passed 525 for, 75 against, 81 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
27 Nov 2024Measures to reduce incidental catches of common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) and other small cetaceans in the Bay of Biscay Objection failed 123 for, 511 against, 42 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
27 Nov 20242025 budgetary procedure: Joint text Adopted 418 for, 185 against, 67 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
27 Nov 2024Presentation by the President-elect of the Commission of the College of Commissioners and its programme Rejected 154 for, 507 against, 19 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
27 Nov 2024Election of the Commission Commission elected 370 for, 282 against, 36 abstainedPosition: Abstained ≠ groupMajority line: For
26 Nov 2024Genetically modified maize MON 89034 × 1507 × NK603 Objection passed 474 for, 171 against, 13 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
26 Nov 2024Genetically modified cotton COT102 Objection passed 496 for, 143 against, 18 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
26 Nov 2024Genetically modified maize MON 89034 × 1507 × MON 88017 × 59122 and eight of its sub-combinations Objection passed 476 for, 169 against, 14 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
26 Nov 2024Genetically modified maize MON 810 Objection passed 464 for, 163 against, 27 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
26 Nov 2024Genetically modified maize DP915635 Objection passed 478 for, 166 against, 17 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
26 Nov 2024Genetically modified maize DP23211 Objection passed 474 for, 166 against, 17 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
26 Nov 2024Genetically modified maize DP202216 Objection passed 478 for, 165 against, 16 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
26 Nov 2024Genetically modified maize MON 94804 Objection passed 468 for, 166 against, 14 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
14 Nov 2024Deforestation Regulation: provisions relating to the date of application Passed 371 for, 240 against, 30 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
14 Nov 2024Electronic value added tax exemption certificate Passed 621 for, 10 against, 11 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
14 Nov 2024Faster and Safer Relief of Excess Withholding Taxes Passed 555 for, 48 against, 42 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
14 Nov 2024Amendment of the EIB’s Statute Passed 510 for, 105 against, 27 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
14 Nov 2024UN Climate Change Conference 2024 in Baku, Azerbaijan (COP29) Adopted 429 for, 183 against, 24 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
24 Oct 2024Situation in Azerbaijan, violation of human rights and international law and relations with Armenia Adopted 453 for, 31 against, 89 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
24 Oct 2024People’s Republic of China’s misinterpretation of the UN resolution 2758 and its continuous military provocations around Taiwan Adopted 432 for, 60 against, 71 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For

Show all 50 votes on this page

Roll-call participation

One cell per sitting while in office, shaded by the share of that day’s roll calls the member voted in. The official attendance register is kept separately by Parliament.

No vote recorded on 6 of 80 sittings with roll calls.

"No vote recorded" is not the same as absent: leave, illness and chairing the sitting look the same.

Data as a table

Voting neighbours

Members who voted the same way most often in the roll calls they both took part in, within and outside the member’s group (group at the date of each vote), over all roll calls of the term.

At least 200 shared roll calls over at least six months in office together. Within = both sat in the same group on the date of the vote; a member who changed group can appear on both lists. Baseline = the median agreement of all pairs of members of the groups the two sat in on the date of each shared vote (within: the group they shared; outside: the two groups), weighted by the votes they shared in each combination.

Within S&D

Agreement: roll calls where both cast the same position, of the roll calls both voted in while in the same group (“shared”); a count below 50 shared. Baseline: the median agreement of every pair of members of that group.
SelectMemberGroupCountryAgreementBaseline
Kathleen VAN BREMPT S&DBelgium99 % of 5 268 shared93 %
Iratxe GARCÍA PÉREZ S&DSpain98 % of 5 203 shared93 %
Isilda GOMES S&DPortugal98 % of 5 165 shared93 %
Camilla LAURETI S&DItaly98 % of 5 503 shared93 %
Sérgio GONÇALVES S&DPortugal97 % of 5 487 shared93 %
Gabriele BISCHOFF S&DGermany97 % of 5 446 shared93 %
Carla TAVARES S&DPortugal97 % of 5 191 shared93 %
Bernd LANGE S&DGermany97 % of 5 093 shared93 %
André FRANQUEIRA RODRIGUES S&DPortugal97 % of 4 984 shared93 %
Udo BULLMANN S&DGermany97 % of 4 751 shared93 %

Show all 10 neighbours

Outside the group

Agreement: roll calls where both cast the same position, of the roll calls both voted in while in different groups (“shared”); a count below 50 shared. Baseline: the median agreement of every pair of members of the groups the two sat in on those votes (groups at the date, weighted by the votes shared in each combination).
SelectMemberGroupCountryAgreementBaseline
Yvan VEROUGSTRAETE RenewBelgium90 % of 4 158 shared86 %
Ľudovít ÓDOR RenewSlovakia90 % of 5 270 shared86 %
Elisabetta GUALMINI changed group RenewItaly90 % of 1 763 shared86 %
Martin HOJSÍK RenewSlovakia89 % of 5 257 shared86 %
Gerben-Jan GERBRANDY RenewNetherlands89 % of 5 556 shared86 %
Jana TOOM RenewEstonia89 % of 4 814 shared86 %
Lucia YAR RenewSlovakia89 % of 5 576 shared86 %
Raquel GARCÍA HERMIDA-VAN DER WALLE RenewNetherlands89 % of 5 622 shared86 %
Pascal CANFIN RenewFrance89 % of 5 168 shared86 %
Bernard GUETTA RenewFrance89 % of 4 983 shared86 %

Show all 10 neighbours

Work

Seats in committees, delegations and intergroups, and the dossiers the member leads, shadows or negotiates.

Seats

Body: the committee, delegation or intergroup, with its kind. Role: the member’s role in it. From, To: the dates of the seat (“now” while it lasts).
BodyRoleFromTo
Committee on the Environment, Climate and Food SafetyENVI CommitteeSubstitute20 Jan 2025now
Committee on Industry, Research and EnergyITRE CommitteeMember19 Jul 2024now
Delegation for relations with CanadaD-CA DelegationMember19 Sept 2024now
Delegation for Northern cooperation and for relations with Switzerland and Norway and to the EU-Iceland Joint Parliamentary Committee and the European Economic Area (EEA) Joint Parliamentary CommitteeDEEA DelegationSubstitute19 Sept 2024now
Intergroup on Attracting Investment to Ensure a Competitive and Sustainable European UnionIG10-03 Intergroup / working groupMember31 Jan 2025now
Intergroup on the Future of Education and Skills for a Competitive EuropeIG10-14 Intergroup / working groupMember29 Jan 2025now
Intergroup on Seas, Rivers, Islands and Coastal Areas (SEARICA)IG10-20 Intergroup / working groupMember4 Feb 2025now
Intergroup on the Social Economy and Services of General InterestIG10-23 Intergroup / working groupMember30 Jan 2025now
Intergroup on Trade UnionsIG10-24 Intergroup / working groupMember31 Jan 2025now
Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food SafetyENVI CommitteeSubstitute19 Jul 202419 Jan 2025

Show all 10 seats

Dossiers

Dossier: the procedure the declaration names (“No dossier named” for a delegation without one). Role: rapporteur, shadow rapporteur, negotiator or delegation. Committee: the committee that appointed them. Date: of the declaration.
DossierRoleCommitteeDate
EU Emissions Trading System and market stability reserve: competitiveness and cost-effective decarbonisationShadow rapporteur for an opinionITRE14 Sept 2026
Guidelines for trans-European energy infrastructure, amending Regulations (EU) 2019/942, (EU) 2019/943 and (EU) 2024/1789 and repealing Regulation (EU) 2022/869Shadow rapporteur for an opinionENVI23 Mar 2026
Amending Regulation (EU) 2024/1252Shadow rapporteur for an opinionENVI17 Mar 2026
EU-Canada interparliamentary meeting in Ottawa and Halifax on 27 – 29 October 2025.Official delegationD-CA14 Oct 2025
No dossier namedOfficial delegationITRE10 Jul 2025
No dossier namedOfficial delegationENVI19 Mar 2025
Own initiative report: 'Electricity grids: the backbone of the EU energy system'Shadow rapporteurITRE8 Jan 2025

Show all 7 dossier roles

Topics they work on (model-assigned)

Counts: dossiers they spoke on, led or amended, and their questions and motions.

In the chamber

Speeches and statements in plenary debates, newest first; the verbatim report is on Parliament’s site.

14 contributions recorded, 1 written statement; 1 on behalf of their group; 17 minutes of speaking time.

Date: the sitting. Debate: the item debated, and the group when they spoke on its behalf. Kind: speech or written statement, with speaking time. Verbatim: the verbatim report on Parliament’s site.
DateDebateKindVerbatim
18 Jun 2026Circularity requirements for vehicle design and management of end-of-life vehicles (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
17 Jun 2026Electrification Action Plan (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
11 Mar 2026Building Europe's clean, independent and secure energy following the 2026 North Sea Summit (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
16 Dec 2025Grids package and tackling raising energy prices through robust infrastructure (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
22 Oct 2025Ending all energy imports from Russia to the EU and closing loopholes through third countries (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
18 Jun 2025Electricity grids: the backbone of the EU energy system (debate) on behalf of S&DSpeech · 1 minRead
7 May 2025Resilience and the need to improve the interconnection of energy grid infrastructure in the EU: the first lessons from the blackout in the Iberian Peninsula (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
7 May 2025Competition policy – annual report 2024 (debate) StatementRead
2 Apr 2025European Steel and Metals Action Plan (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
13 Mar 2025Action Plan for Affordable Energy (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
12 Mar 2025Accelerating the phase-out of Russian gas and other Russian energy commodities in the EU (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
27 Nov 2024Rise of energy prices and fighting energy poverty (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
27 Nov 2024Topical debate (Rule 169) - Budapest Declaration on the New European Competitiveness Deal - A future for the farming and manufacturing sectors in the EU (topical debate) Speech · 1 minRead
8 Oct 2024The crisis facing the EU’s automotive industry, potential plant closures and the need to enhance competitiveness and maintain jobs in Europe (debate) Speech · 1 minRead

Questions and motions, 31

Parliamentary questions and motions for resolutions the member authored or co-signed, newest first.

Date: tabled. Title: the question or motion, with its id. Kind: written question or motion for a resolution, with the number of co-authors. Answer: the date of the answer to a question.
DateTitleKindAnswer
15 Sept 2026National implementation of the Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation creating barriers within the single market E-10-2026-003681Written questionNot yet answered
14 Sept 2026Circular Economy Act: regulatory barriers to secondary raw materials E-10-2026-003654Written questionwith 29 co-authorsNot yet answered
10 Sept 2026EU exports of banned pesticides E-10-2026-003605Written questionwith 35 co-authorsNot yet answered
16 Jul 2026Ensuring the continued operation of the Blue Flag Programme under Directive (EU) 2024/825 E-10-2026-003031Written questionwith 29 co-authors18 Sept 2026
16 Jun 2026Volkswagen Group prevents users from accessing free, real-time charging data from their electric cars E-10-2026-002465Written question31 Aug 2026
8 Jun 2026Access to Temporary Protection Directive provisions in Belgium for babies born after 24 February 2022 E-10-2026-002349Written questionwith 6 co-authors31 Aug 2026
17 Apr 2026Taxation of windfall profits in the energy sector O-10-2026-000019Oral questionwith 53 co-authorsNot yet answered
8 Apr 2026Contingency framework for public support in the steel sector E-10-2026-001433Written questionwith 1 co-author15 Jun 2026
25 Mar 2026EU manufacturing of net-zero technologies and trade defence E-10-2026-001239Written question13 May 2026
9 Mar 2026Public procurement and deaths at work: choosing the best bidder in social terms and making social rights and safety at work a condition for access to contracts O-10-2026-000011Oral questionwith 35 co-authorsNot yet answered

Show all 31 questions and motions

Amendments tabled in committee, 82

Committee amendment documents that carry amendments by the member, with how many are theirs.

Date: of the amendment document. Text amended: the dossier and the document’s id. Committee: where the amendments were tabled. Amendments: how many in the document are the member’s.
DateText amendedCommitteeAmendments
1 Jul 2026Suspending the application of the rules on the appointment of an authorised representative for extended producer responsibility for batteries and waste batteries and packaging and packaging waste ENVI-AM-790771 ENVI13
1 Jul 2026Suspending the application of the rules on the appointment of authorised representatives for extended producer responsibility for waste, waste electrical and electronical equipment and single use plastic waste ENVI-AM-790772 ENVI13
5 Jun 2026Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activities ITRE-AM-788898 ITRE10
27 May 2026Amending Directives (EU) 2018/2001, (EU) 2019/944, (EU) 2024/1788 as regards acceleration of permit-granting procedures ITRE-AM-788845 ITRE10
19 May 2026Guidelines for trans-European energy infrastructure, amending Regulations (EU) 2019/942, (EU) 2019/943 and (EU) 2024/1789 and repealing Regulation (EU) 2022/869 ITRE-AM-788922 ITRE17
19 May 2026Guidelines for trans-European energy infrastructure, amending Regulations (EU) 2019/942, (EU) 2019/943 and (EU) 2024/1789 and repealing Regulation (EU) 2022/869 ITRE-AM-788941 ITRE3
19 May 2026Guidelines for trans-European energy infrastructure, amending Regulations (EU) 2019/942, (EU) 2019/943 and (EU) 2024/1789 and repealing Regulation (EU) 2022/869 ITRE-AM-785339 ITRE5
19 May 2026Guidelines for trans-European energy infrastructure, amending Regulations (EU) 2019/942, (EU) 2019/943 and (EU) 2024/1789 and repealing Regulation (EU) 2022/869 ITRE-AM-788939 ITRE3
19 May 2026Guidelines for trans-European energy infrastructure, amending Regulations (EU) 2019/942, (EU) 2019/943 and (EU) 2024/1789 and repealing Regulation (EU) 2022/869 ITRE-AM-788940 ITRE14
19 May 2026Guidelines for trans-European energy infrastructure, amending Regulations (EU) 2019/942, (EU) 2019/943 and (EU) 2024/1789 and repealing Regulation (EU) 2022/869 ITRE-AM-788924 ITRE16

Show all 82 amendment documents

Connections

Dossiers they lead or shadow, committees, party, delegation and other related pages.

Political group

National delegation

  • Delegation Belgium National delegation

Sources & citation

Where the facts on this page come from, and how to cite it.

Data source
Licensed CC BY 4.0.
Data version
data version f37e5638cded (25 Sept 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1 · methods
Retrieved
25 September 2026

Cite as

EU Parl Watch Research (2026). “Bruno TOBBACK”. Member record. memberId 256885. EU Parl Watch Research. https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/256885?page=12&scope=final&speeches=all (retrieved 25 September 2026). Official source: Member’s profile, European Parliament, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/256885. Data: EP Open Data: member record, https://data.europarl.europa.eu/api/v2/meps/256885?format=application%2Fld%2Bjson (CC BY 4.0); data version f37e5638cded (25 Sept 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1.
BibTeX
@misc{epw-member-256885,
  author = {{EU Parl Watch Research}},
  title = {{Bruno TOBBACK}},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/256885?page=12&scope=final&speeches=all}},
  url = {https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/256885?page=12&scope=final&speeches=all},
  urldate = {2026-09-25},
  publisher = {EU Parl Watch Research},
  note = {Member record. memberId 256885. Official source: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/256885. Data: EP Open Data: member record (CC BY 4.0); data version f37e5638cded (25 Sept 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1}
}