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Member

Marc BOTENGA

The Left · Belgium

Group
The Left
Country
Belgium
Roll-call participation
89.0 %ⓘ of 620 roll calls in office · chamber median 90.6 % · whole term, final votes
With majority line
78.1 %ⓘ of 547 votes where the group had a line · The Left median 86.6 %
More facts (5)
National party
PVDA-PTB
In office
Since 16 Jul 2024
Against clear line
71 of 454 votesⓘ
Committees
AFET, ECON (substitute), ITRE (substitute), SEDE
Member id
187917
More

Record

The member’s figures against the median of their group and of the chamber. Each vote counts the member in the group they belonged to that day.

Roll-call participation ⓘ

89.0 %

552 of 620 final votes while in office

The Left median: 86.9 % (+2.1 pts)

Chamber median: 90.6 %

With majority line ⓘ

78.1 %

427 of 547 votes where their group had a line

The Left median: 86.6 % (−8.6 pts)

Against clear line ⓘ

15.6 %

71 of 454 votes where their group had a clear line

7 opposite (for ↔ against), 52 abstained against the line, 12 voted for or against when the line was to abstain

Abstention ⓘ

21.0 %

116 of 552 votes cast

Participation 89.0 % — The Left median 86.9 %, 47 members.ⓘ
Data as a table
Participation among the 47 members of the The Left with enough votes.
FigureParticipation
Marc BOTENGA89.0 %
The Left median86.9 %
Lowest in the group37.7 %
Highest in the group99.4 %
Members47
With majority line 78.1 % — The Left median 86.6 %, 47 members.ⓘ
Data as a table
With majority line among the 47 members of the The Left with enough votes.
FigureWith majority line
Marc BOTENGA78.1 %
The Left median86.6 %
Lowest in the group64.5 %
Highest in the group91.8 %
Members47
  • Whole term, 620 final votes; 620 of 794 decisions had a final vote recorded by name. The dots are the other members of The Left; no ranks.
  • “No vote recorded” is not the same as absent: leave, illness and chairing the sitting look the same.
  • A group’s line is inferred from its members’ votes — Parliament publishes no whip.

Votes, 620

Export

Every final roll-call vote of the term with the member’s position, newest first.

Result: for–against–abstained. Majority line: how most of the member’s group voted that day (“Tie” when no position won). ≠ group marks a vote otherwise than a clear line (at least two thirds, with at least 10 members voting) of their group.
DateDecisionResultPositionMajority line
23 Jan 2025Russia’s disinformation and historical falsification to justify its war of aggression against Ukraine Adopted 480 for, 58 against, 48 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: Against
23 Jan 2025Situation in Venezuela following the usurpation of the presidency on 10 January 2025 Adopted 374 for, 53 against, 163 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
22 Jan 2025Need for actions to address the continued oppression and fake elections in Belarus Adopted 567 for, 25 against, 66 abstainedPosition: Abstained Majority line: Abstained
21 Jan 2025EU/Republic of Serbia agreement on operational activities carried out by the European Border and Coast Guard Agency in the Republic of Serbia Consent given 505 for, 90 against, 43 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
19 Dec 2024Amending Directive 2009/38/EC as regards the establishment and functioning of European Works Councils and the effective enforcement of transnational information and consultation rights Negotiating mandate approved 300 for, 254 against, 21 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
19 Dec 2024Human rights situation in Kyrgyzstan, in particular the case of Temirlan Sultanbekov Adopted 492 for, 28 against, 41 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
19 Dec 202411th year of the occupation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol by the Russian Federation and the deteriorating human rights situation in occupied Crimea, notably the cases of Iryna Danylovych, Tofik Abdulhaziiev and Amet Suleymanov Adopted 446 for, 25 against, 51 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
19 Dec 2024Continued repression of civil society and independent media in Azerbaijan and the cases of Dr Gubad Ibadoghlu, Anar Mammadli, Kamran Mammadli, Rufat Safarov and Meydan TV Adopted 434 for, 30 against, 89 abstainedPosition: Abstained ≠ groupMajority line: For
19 Dec 2024Recommendation to the Council on the EU priorities for the 69th session of the UN Commission on the Status of Women Adopted 322 for, 163 against, 46 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
18 Dec 2024EC-Pacific States Interim Partnership Agreement: accession of Tonga Consent given 545 for, 81 against, 26 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
18 Dec 2024EC-Pacific States Interim Partnership Agreement: accession of Niue Consent given 543 for, 77 against, 31 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
18 Dec 2024Conclusion, on behalf of the European Union, of the United Nations Convention on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor-State Arbitration Consent given 591 for, 7 against, 53 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
18 Dec 2024EC-Pacific States Interim Partnership Agreement: accession of Tuvalu Consent given 533 for, 74 against, 26 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
18 Dec 2024Amendment of Annex VI – Powers and responsibilities of the standing committees Adopted 448 for, 161 against, 40 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
18 Dec 2024Setting up a Special Committee on the European Democracy Shield, and defining its responsibilities, numerical strength and term of office Adopted 441 for, 178 against, 34 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: For
18 Dec 2024Setting up a Special Committee on the Housing Crisis in the European Union, and defining its responsibilities, numerical strength and term of office Adopted 480 for, 148 against, 20 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
17 Dec 2024Deforestation Regulation: provisions relating to the date of application Passed 546 for, 97 against, 7 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
17 Dec 2024Specific measures under the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) for Member States affected by natural disasters Passed 644 for, 6 against, 3 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
17 Dec 2024Regional Emergency Support: RESTORE Passed 638 for, 10 against, 5 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
17 Dec 2024Forest reproductive material of the ‘tested’ category Passed 499 for, 131 against, 27 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
17 Dec 2024Mobilisation of the European Globalisation Adjustment Fund: application EGF/2024/002 BE/Limburg machinery and paper – Belgium Passed 599 for, 50 against, 7 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
17 Dec 2024Activities of the European Ombudsman – annual report 2023 Adopted 598 for, 17 against, 37 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024Hong Kong, notably the cases of Jimmy Lai and the 45 activists recently convicted under the national security law Adopted 473 for, 23 against, 98 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: Abstained
28 Nov 2024The increasing and systematic repression of women in Iran Adopted 562 for, 2 against, 30 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024The shrinking space for civil society in Cambodia, in particular the case of the labour rights organisation CENTRAL Adopted 492 for, 5 against, 102 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024Georgia's worsening democratic crisis following the recent parliamentary elections and alleged electoral fraud Adopted 444 for, 72 against, 82 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: Against
28 Nov 2024Reinforcing EU’s unwavering support to Ukraine against Russia’s war of aggression and the increasing military cooperation between North Korea and Russia Adopted 390 for, 135 against, 52 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: Against
28 Nov 2024Recommendation on smoke- and aerosol-free environments Rejected 152 for, 378 against, 26 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: For
27 Nov 2024Amending Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 as regards Vanuatu Passed 627 for, 6 against, 37 abstainedPosition: Abstained ≠ groupMajority line: For
27 Nov 2024Mobilisation of the European Union Solidarity Fund to provide assistance to Germany and Italy relating to floods occurred in 2024 Passed 660 for, 11 against, 4 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
27 Nov 2024Draft amending budget No 5/2024: adjustment in payment appropriations, update of revenues and other technical updates Passed 525 for, 75 against, 81 abstainedPosition: Abstained ≠ groupMajority line: For
27 Nov 2024Measures to reduce incidental catches of common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) and other small cetaceans in the Bay of Biscay Objection failed 123 for, 511 against, 42 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
27 Nov 20242025 budgetary procedure: Joint text Adopted 418 for, 185 against, 67 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
27 Nov 2024Presentation by the President-elect of the Commission of the College of Commissioners and its programme Rejected 154 for, 507 against, 19 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
27 Nov 2024Election of the Commission Commission elected 370 for, 282 against, 36 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
26 Nov 2024Genetically modified maize MON 89034 × 1507 × NK603 Objection passed 474 for, 171 against, 13 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
26 Nov 2024Genetically modified cotton COT102 Objection passed 496 for, 143 against, 18 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
26 Nov 2024Genetically modified maize MON 89034 × 1507 × MON 88017 × 59122 and eight of its sub-combinations Objection passed 476 for, 169 against, 14 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
26 Nov 2024Genetically modified maize MON 810 Objection passed 464 for, 163 against, 27 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
26 Nov 2024Genetically modified maize DP915635 Objection passed 478 for, 166 against, 17 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
26 Nov 2024Genetically modified maize DP23211 Objection passed 474 for, 166 against, 17 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
26 Nov 2024Genetically modified maize DP202216 Objection passed 478 for, 165 against, 16 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
26 Nov 2024Genetically modified maize MON 94804 Objection passed 468 for, 166 against, 14 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
14 Nov 2024Deforestation Regulation: provisions relating to the date of application Passed 371 for, 240 against, 30 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
14 Nov 2024Electronic value added tax exemption certificate Passed 621 for, 10 against, 11 abstainedPosition: Abstained ≠ groupMajority line: For
14 Nov 2024Faster and Safer Relief of Excess Withholding Taxes Passed 555 for, 48 against, 42 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
14 Nov 2024Amendment of the EIB’s Statute Passed 510 for, 105 against, 27 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Abstained
14 Nov 2024UN Climate Change Conference 2024 in Baku, Azerbaijan (COP29) Adopted 429 for, 183 against, 24 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
24 Oct 2024Situation in Azerbaijan, violation of human rights and international law and relations with Armenia Adopted 453 for, 31 against, 89 abstainedPosition: Abstained ≠ groupMajority line: For
24 Oct 2024People’s Republic of China’s misinterpretation of the UN resolution 2758 and its continuous military provocations around Taiwan Adopted 432 for, 60 against, 71 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against

Show all 50 votes on this page

Roll-call participation

One cell per sitting while in office, shaded by the share of that day’s roll calls the member voted in. The official attendance register is kept separately by Parliament.

No vote recorded on 5 of 80 sittings with roll calls.

"No vote recorded" is not the same as absent: leave, illness and chairing the sitting look the same.

Data as a table

Voting neighbours

Members who voted the same way most often in the roll calls they both took part in, within and outside the member’s group (group at the date of each vote), over all roll calls of the term.

At least 200 shared roll calls over at least six months in office together. Within = both sat in the same group on the date of the vote; a member who changed group can appear on both lists. Baseline = the median agreement of all pairs of members of the groups the two sat in on the date of each shared vote (within: the group they shared; outside: the two groups), weighted by the votes they shared in each combination.

Within The Left

Agreement: roll calls where both cast the same position, of the roll calls both voted in while in the same group (“shared”); a count below 50 shared. Baseline: the median agreement of every pair of members of that group.
SelectMemberGroupCountryAgreementBaseline
Martin GÜNTHER The LeftGermany94 % of 2 698 shared87 %
Rudi KENNES The LeftBelgium93 % of 5 118 shared87 %
Özlem DEMIREL The LeftGermany93 % of 4 381 shared87 %
Giorgos GEORGIOU The LeftCyprus92 % of 3 987 shared87 %
Irene MONTERO The LeftSpain92 % of 4 738 shared87 %
Isabel SERRA SÁNCHEZ The LeftSpain91 % of 3 102 shared87 %
Catarina MARTINS The LeftPortugal91 % of 4 187 shared87 %
Estrella GALÁN The LeftSpain90 % of 4 436 shared87 %
Martin SCHIRDEWAN The LeftGermany90 % of 4 738 shared87 %
Luke Ming FLANAGAN The LeftIreland90 % of 3 989 shared87 %

Outside the group

Agreement: roll calls where both cast the same position, of the roll calls both voted in while in different groups (“shared”); a count below 50 shared. Baseline: the median agreement of every pair of members of the groups the two sat in on those votes (groups at the date, weighted by the votes shared in each combination).
SelectMemberGroupCountryAgreementBaseline
Ana MIRANDA PAZ GreensSpain81 % of 4 369 shared77 %
Vicent MARZÀ IBÁÑEZ GreensSpain80 % of 4 729 shared77 %
Maria ZACHARIA No groupGreece80 % of 5 136 shared37 %
Benedetta SCUDERI GreensItaly79 % of 4 958 shared77 %
Cristina GUARDA GreensItaly79 % of 4 350 shared77 %
Jaume ASENS LLODRÀ GreensSpain78 % of 4 332 shared77 %
Leoluca ORLANDO GreensItaly78 % of 4 445 shared77 %
David CORMAND GreensFrance78 % of 5 020 shared77 %
Ignazio Roberto MARINO GreensItaly78 % of 3 917 shared77 %
Saskia BRICMONT GreensBelgium77 % of 4 814 shared77 %

Work

Seats in committees, delegations and intergroups, and the dossiers the member leads, shadows or negotiates.

Seats

Body: the committee, delegation or intergroup, with its kind. Role: the member’s role in it. From, To: the dates of the seat (“now” while it lasts).
BodyRoleFromTo
Committee on Foreign AffairsAFET CommitteeMember19 Jul 2024now
Committee on Economic and Monetary AffairsECON CommitteeSubstitute19 Jul 2024now
Committee on Industry, Research and EnergyITRE CommitteeSubstitute19 Jul 2024now
Committee on Security and DefenceSEDE CommitteeMember23 Jan 2025now
Subcommittee on Tax MattersFISC SubcommitteeSubstitute19 Jul 2024now
Delegation for relations with PalestineDPAL DelegationSubstitute19 Sept 2024now
Delegation to the OACPS-EU Joint Parliamentary AssemblyDACP Parliamentary assemblyMember19 Sept 2024now
Delegation to the Africa-EU Parliamentary AssemblyDAFR Parliamentary assemblyMember19 Sept 2024now
Intergroup on Anti-Racism and DiversityIG10-02 Intergroup / working groupMember14 Feb 2025now
Intergroup on Trade UnionsIG10-24 Intergroup / working groupMember31 Jan 2025now

Show all 11 seats

Dossiers

Dossier: the procedure the declaration names (“No dossier named” for a delegation without one). Role: rapporteur, shadow rapporteur, negotiator or delegation. Committee: the committee that appointed them. Date: of the declaration.
DossierRoleCommitteeDate
Establishing the Programme for agile and rapid defence innovation (AGILE)Shadow rapporteurSEDE19 May 2026
Establishing the Programme for agile and rapid defence innovation (AGILE)Shadow rapporteurITRE7 May 2026
No dossier namedShadow rapporteurAFET28 Apr 2026
Hybrid warfare and the protection of the EU’s territorial integrity and critical security and defence infrastructureShadow rapporteurSEDE23 Mar 2026
Establishing the European Fund for economic, social and territorial cohesion, agriculture and rural, fisheries and maritime, prosperity and security for the period 2028-2034Shadow rapporteur for an opinionSEDE17 Mar 2026
Union Civil Protection Mechanism and Union support for health emergency preparedness and response, and repealing Decision No 1313/2013/EU (Union Civil Protection Mechanism)Shadow rapporteur for an opinionSEDE10 Mar 2026
European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA), the European cybersecurity certification framework, and ICT supply chain security and repealing Regulation (EU) 2019/881 (The Cybersecurity Act 2)Shadow rapporteurITRE10 Mar 2026
Amending Directive (EU) 2022/2555 as regards simplification measures and alignment with the [Proposal for the Cybersecurity Act 2]Shadow rapporteurITRE10 Mar 2026
Establishing Horizon Europe, the Framework Programme for Research and Innovation, for the period 2028-2034 laying down its rules for participation and dissemination, and repealing Regulation (EU) 2021/695Shadow rapporteur for an opinionSEDE26 Jan 2026
Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activitiesShadow rapporteurITRE19 Nov 2025

Show all 27 dossier roles

Topics they work on (model-assigned)

Counts: dossiers they spoke on, led or amended, and their questions and motions.

In the chamber

Speeches and statements in plenary debates, newest first; the verbatim report is on Parliament’s site.

128 contributions recorded; 25 on behalf of their group; 166 minutes of speaking time.

Date: the sitting. Debate: the item debated, and the group when they spoke on its behalf. Kind: speech or written statement, with speaking time. Verbatim: the verbatim report on Parliament’s site.
DateDebateKindVerbatim
16 Sept 2026Political prisoners in Cuba, in particular the case of Félix Navarro and his daughter Saylí Navarro Speech · 1 minRead
16 Sept 2026State of the Union (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
15 Sept 2026Escalation in the Middle East (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
15 Sept 2026Acceleration of permit-granting for defence readiness projects (Omnibus V) - Simplification of intra-EU transfers of defence-related products and simplification of security and defence procurement (Omnibus V) - Defence readiness and facilitating defence investments and conditions for the defence industry (Omnibus V) on behalf of The LeftSpeech · 1 minRead
9 Jul 2026Feasibility of a 28th tax regime and its potential to support EU competitiveness (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
8 Jul 2026The threat of war crimes, the escalating violations of international humanitarian law and the human rights situation in El-Obeid, Sudan Speech · 1 minRead
8 Jul 2026Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda: EU solidarity and preparedness in global health (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
8 Jul 2026EU’s response and preparedness to protect people against recurring heatwaves and upcoming wildfires (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
6 Jul 2026Financial activities of the European Investment Bank Group – annual report 2025 (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
17 Jun 2026Continued crackdown on civic space and fundamental freedoms in Burkina Faso Speech · 2 minRead

Show all 40 recent contributions

Questions and motions, 100

Parliamentary questions and motions for resolutions the member authored or co-signed, newest first.

Date: tabled. Title: the question or motion, with its id. Kind: written question or motion for a resolution, with the number of co-authors. Answer: the date of the answer to a question.
DateTitleKindAnswer
14 Sept 2026MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION Political prisoners in Cuba, in particular the case of Félix Navarro and his daughter Saylí Navarro B-10-2026-0396Motion for a resolution—
3 Aug 2026Safeguards against perceived conflicts of interest in appointments to the CJEU E-10-2026-003191Written questionNot yet answered
16 Jul 2026Urgent appeal for the release of Dr Hussam Abu Safiya E-10-2026-003029Written questionwith 17 co-authors2 Sept 2026
14 Jul 2026State of play of negotiations on the agreement on the exchange of personal data between Europol and Israel E-10-2026-002925Written questionwith 24 co-authors1 Sept 2026
7 Jul 2026Transparency regarding EU-funded infrastructure destroyed in Gaza E-10-2026-002805Written questionwith 39 co-authors4 Sept 2026
1 Jul 2026PROPOSAL FOR A DECISION requesting the Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations to verify whether Europe of Sovereign Nations Party complies with the conditions laid down in Article 3(1), points (d) and (e), of Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2025/2445 B-10-2026-0338Motion for a resolutionwith 246 co-authors—
29 Jun 2026Is the EU complicit in the US war of aggression against Iran? E-10-2026-002694Written questionNot yet answered
26 Jun 2026Horizon Europe: legal basis for the suspension announcement of 4 March 2022 E-10-2026-002657Written questionNot yet answered
26 Jun 2026Horizon Europe: attribution of state conduct to beneficiaries and participating entities E-10-2026-002659Written questionNot yet answered
26 Jun 2026Horizon Europe: case-by-case assessment versus general suspension of payments to Russian entities between 4 March and 8 April 2022 E-10-2026-002661Written questionNot yet answered

Show all 100 questions and motions

Amendments tabled in committee, 50

Committee amendment documents that carry amendments by the member, with how many are theirs.

Date: of the amendment document. Text amended: the dossier and the document’s id. Committee: where the amendments were tabled. Amendments: how many in the document are the member’s.
DateText amendedCommitteeAmendments
16 Jul 2026General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2027 - all sections AFET-AM-791057 AFET1
15 Jun 2026EU-Syria political relations AFET-AM-789951 AFET21
5 Jun 2026Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activities ITRE-AM-788898 ITRE17
18 May 2026Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activities ITRE-AM-788902 ITRE3
18 May 2026Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activities ITRE-AM-788900 ITRE6
18 May 2026Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activities ITRE-AM-788899 ITRE1
18 May 2026Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activities ITRE-AM-788897 ITRE17
18 May 2026Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activities ITRE-AM-788896 ITRE28
18 May 2026Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activities ITRE-AM-788849 ITRE12
18 May 2026Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activities ITRE-AM-788905 ITRE10

Show all 50 amendment documents

Connections

Dossiers they lead or shadow, committees, party, delegation and other related pages.

Political group

National delegation

  • Delegation Belgium National delegation

Sources & citation

Where the facts on this page come from, and how to cite it.

Data source
Licensed CC BY 4.0.
Data version
data version f37e5638cded (25 Sept 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1 · methods
Retrieved
25 September 2026

Cite as

EU Parl Watch Research (2026). “Marc BOTENGA”. Member record. memberId 187917. EU Parl Watch Research. https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/187917?nb=all&page=12&scope=final (retrieved 25 September 2026). Official source: Member’s profile, European Parliament, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/187917. Data: EP Open Data: member record, https://data.europarl.europa.eu/api/v2/meps/187917?format=application%2Fld%2Bjson (CC BY 4.0); data version f37e5638cded (25 Sept 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1.
BibTeX
@misc{epw-member-187917,
  author = {{EU Parl Watch Research}},
  title = {{Marc BOTENGA}},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/187917?nb=all&page=12&scope=final}},
  url = {https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/187917?nb=all&page=12&scope=final},
  urldate = {2026-09-25},
  publisher = {EU Parl Watch Research},
  note = {Member record. memberId 187917. Official source: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/187917. Data: EP Open Data: member record (CC BY 4.0); data version f37e5638cded (25 Sept 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1}
}