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Member

Raphaël GLUCKSMANN

S&D · France

Group
S&D
Country
France
Roll-call participation
88.5 %ⓘ of 5 928 roll calls in office · chamber median 90.2 % · whole term, roll calls
With majority line
92.7 %ⓘ of 5 248 votes where the group had a line · S&D median 96.3 %
More facts (5)
National party
Place publique
In office
Since 16 Jul 2024
Against clear line
334 of 5 165 votesⓘ
Committees
AFET (substitute), INTA (substitute), SEDE
Member id
197694
More

Record

The member’s figures against the median of their group and of the chamber. Each vote counts the member in the group they belonged to that day.

Roll-call participation ⓘ

88.5 %

5 249 of 5 928 roll calls while in office

S&D median: 89.9 % (−1.3 pts)

Chamber median: 90.2 %

With majority line ⓘ

92.7 %

4 865 of 5 248 votes where their group had a line

S&D median: 96.3 % (−3.6 pts)

Against clear line ⓘ

6.5 %

334 of 5 165 votes where their group had a clear line

260 opposite (for ↔ against), 61 abstained against the line, 13 voted for or against when the line was to abstain

Abstention ⓘ

2.3 %

121 of 5 249 votes cast

Participation 88.5 % — S&D median 89.9 %, 138 members.ⓘ
Data as a table
Participation among the 138 members of the S&D with enough votes.
FigureParticipation
Raphaël GLUCKSMANN88.5 %
S&D median89.9 %
Lowest in the group30.4 %
Highest in the group99.6 %
Members138
With majority line 92.7 % — S&D median 96.3 %, 138 members.ⓘ
Data as a table
With majority line among the 138 members of the S&D with enough votes.
FigureWith majority line
Raphaël GLUCKSMANN92.7 %
S&D median96.3 %
Lowest in the group81.9 %
Highest in the group99.4 %
Members138
  • Whole term, 5 928 roll-call votes. The dots are the other members of S&D; no ranks.
  • “No vote recorded” is not the same as absent: leave, illness and chairing the sitting look the same.
  • A group’s line is inferred from its members’ votes — Parliament publishes no whip.

Votes, 5 928

Export

Every roll-call vote of the term with the member’s position, newest first.

Result: for–against–abstained. Majority line: how most of the member’s group voted that day (“Tie” when no position won). ≠ group marks a vote otherwise than a clear line (at least two thirds, with at least 10 members voting) of their group.
DateDecision and voteResultPositionMajority line
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 6, adding text before paragraph 1 163 for, 414 against, 69 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 5, adding text before paragraph 1 118 for, 512 against, 16 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 4, adding text before paragraph 1 109 for, 444 against, 96 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 3, adding text before paragraph 1 46 for, 600 against, 8 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024Draft general budget of the European Union for 2025 – all sections Amendment 737 457 for, 192 against, 2 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
23 Oct 2024Draft general budget of the European Union for 2025 – all sections Amendment 328 73 for, 556 against, 24 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024Draft general budget of the European Union for 2025 – all sections Amendment 156 519 for, 74 against, 57 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
23 Oct 2024Draft general budget of the European Union for 2025 – all sections Amendment 334 141 for, 486 against, 12 abstainedPosition: For ≠ groupMajority line: Against
23 Oct 2024Draft general budget of the European Union for 2025 – all sections Amendment 733 454 for, 141 against, 56 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
23 Oct 2024Draft general budget of the European Union for 2025 – all sections Amendment 317 180 for, 452 against, 23 abstainedPosition: Abstained ≠ groupMajority line: Against
23 Oct 2024Draft general budget of the European Union for 2025 – all sections Amendment 316 156 for, 473 against, 21 abstainedPosition: Abstained ≠ groupMajority line: Against
23 Oct 2024Draft general budget of the European Union for 2025 – all sections Amendment 213 617 for, 32 against, 5 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
23 Oct 2024Draft general budget of the European Union for 2025 – all sections Amendment 726 570 for, 54 against, 20 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
23 Oct 2024Draft general budget of the European Union for 2025 – all sections Amendment 315 193 for, 437 against, 11 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024Draft general budget of the European Union for 2025 – all sections Amendment 314 199 for, 422 against, 28 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024Draft general budget of the European Union for 2025 – all sections Amendment 618 195 for, 432 against, 20 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024Draft general budget of the European Union for 2025 – all sections Amendment 313 174 for, 453 against, 23 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024Draft general budget of the European Union for 2025 – all sections Amendment 725 591 for, 49 against, 7 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
23 Oct 2024Draft general budget of the European Union for 2025 – all sections Amendment 332 87 for, 512 against, 47 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024Draft general budget of the European Union for 2025 – all sections Amendment 309 72 for, 513 against, 67 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024Draft general budget of the European Union for 2025 – all sections Amendment 693 617 for, 22 against, 10 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
22 Oct 20242022 discharge: EU general budget – European Council and Council Final vote — text as a wholePassed 431 for, 131 against, 83 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
22 Oct 20242022 discharge: EU general budget – European Council and Council Paragraph 16 — part 2 417 for, 204 against, 37 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
22 Oct 20242022 discharge: EU general budget – European Council and Council Separate vote on paragraph 14 429 for, 206 against, 26 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
22 Oct 2024Mobilisation of the European Globalisation Adjustment Fund: application EGF/2024/001 BE/Match-Smatch Final vote — text as a wholePassed 601 for, 47 against, 17 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
22 Oct 2024Draft amending budget No 4/2024: update of revenue (own resources) and adjustments to some decentralised agencies Final vote — text as a wholePassed 522 for, 115 against, 25 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
22 Oct 2024Draft amending budget No 4/2024: update of revenue (own resources) and adjustments to some decentralised agencies Amendment 1, adding text after paragraph 5 193 for, 455 against, 13 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
22 Oct 2024Draft amending budget No 4/2024: update of revenue (own resources) and adjustments to some decentralised agencies Paragraph 4 — part 2 391 for, 201 against, 68 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
22 Oct 2024Draft amending budget No 2/2024: entering the surplus of the financial year 2023 Final vote — text as a wholePassed 531 for, 91 against, 35 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
22 Oct 2024Draft amending budget No 2/2024: entering the surplus of the financial year 2023 Separate vote on paragraph 6 417 for, 192 against, 50 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
22 Oct 2024Establishing the Ukraine Loan Cooperation Mechanism and providing exceptional macro-financial assistance to Ukraine Final votePassed 518 for, 56 against, 61 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
21 Oct 2024Tuesday’s agenda – Request by the Renew Group Tuesday’s agenda — Request by the Renew Group 158 for, 288 against, 34 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: Abstained
21 Oct 2024Tuesday’s agenda – Request by the Verts/ALE Group Tuesday’s agenda — Request by the Verts/ALE Group 164 for, 319 against, 1 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
10 Oct 2024The cases of unjustly imprisoned Uyghurs in China, notably Ilham Tohti and Gulshan Abbas Final vote — text as a wholeAdopted 540 for, 23 against, 47 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
10 Oct 2024The cases of unjustly imprisoned Uyghurs in China, notably Ilham Tohti and Gulshan Abbas Amendment 1, adding text after paragraph 3 59 for, 524 against, 30 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
10 Oct 2024The case of Bülent Mumay in Türkiye Amendment 2, adding text after paragraph 5 132 for, 442 against, 27 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
10 Oct 2024The case of Bülent Mumay in Türkiye Amendment 1, adding text after paragraph 4 132 for, 374 against, 105 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
9 Oct 2024The democratic backsliding and threats to political pluralism in Georgia Final vote — text as a wholeAdopted 495 for, 73 against, 86 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
9 Oct 2024The democratic backsliding and threats to political pluralism in Georgia Separate vote on recital O 473 for, 114 against, 72 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
9 Oct 2024The democratic backsliding and threats to political pluralism in Georgia Paragraph 22 — part 2 487 for, 113 against, 50 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
9 Oct 2024The democratic backsliding and threats to political pluralism in Georgia Paragraph 22 — part 1 501 for, 65 against, 95 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
9 Oct 2024The democratic backsliding and threats to political pluralism in Georgia Separate vote on paragraph 9 490 for, 114 against, 61 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
9 Oct 2024The democratic backsliding and threats to political pluralism in Georgia Paragraph 2 — part 2 499 for, 98 against, 67 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
9 Oct 2024The democratic backsliding and threats to political pluralism in Georgia Amendment 1, adding text after paragraph 1 212 for, 316 against, 134 abstainedPosition: Against ≠ groupMajority line: Abstained
9 Oct 2024The democratic backsliding and threats to political pluralism in Georgia Paragraph 1 — part 2 456 for, 126 against, 64 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
9 Oct 2024The democratic backsliding and threats to political pluralism in Georgia Paragraph 1 — part 1 504 for, 89 against, 69 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
9 Oct 2024The democratic backsliding and threats to political pluralism in Georgia Amendment 2 to paragraph 1 93 for, 526 against, 41 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
9 Oct 2024Strengthening Moldova’s resilience against Russian interference ahead of the upcoming presidential elections and a constitutional referendum on EU integration Final vote — text as a wholeAdopted 508 for, 53 against, 104 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
9 Oct 2024Strengthening Moldova’s resilience against Russian interference ahead of the upcoming presidential elections and a constitutional referendum on EU integration Separate vote on recital C 572 for, 46 against, 46 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
9 Oct 2024Strengthening Moldova’s resilience against Russian interference ahead of the upcoming presidential elections and a constitutional referendum on EU integration Separate vote on paragraph 17 542 for, 70 against, 49 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For

Roll-call participation

One cell per sitting while in office, shaded by the share of that day’s roll calls the member voted in. The official attendance register is kept separately by Parliament.

No vote recorded on 22 of 107 sittings with roll calls.

"No vote recorded" is not the same as absent: leave, illness and chairing the sitting look the same.

Data as a table
Roll calls held at each sitting while in office and how many of them the member voted in.
SittingRoll callsVoted in
17 Jul 20242323
18 Jul 202411
16 Sept 202420
18 Sept 202422
19 Sept 20249290
7 Oct 202422
8 Oct 202411
9 Oct 20241818
10 Oct 202444
21 Oct 202422
22 Oct 20241010
23 Oct 2024129126
24 Oct 20241312
13 Nov 202422
14 Nov 20243636
25 Nov 202422
26 Nov 2024187
27 Nov 20241111
28 Nov 20245756
17 Dec 20241313
18 Dec 20243333
19 Dec 20244545
20 Jan 202522
21 Jan 202511
22 Jan 202522
23 Jan 20254543
10 Feb 202511
11 Feb 20253232
12 Feb 20251010
13 Feb 2025300
10 Mar 202522
11 Mar 202599
12 Mar 2025228226
13 Mar 2025240
31 Mar 202533
1 Apr 20253535
2 Apr 2025251245
3 Apr 20256259
5 May 202555
6 May 2025109
7 May 2025220219
8 May 202510399
21 May 202520
22 May 20255350
16 Jun 202522
17 Jun 20254141
18 Jun 20259191
19 Jun 20258785
7 Jul 202510
8 Jul 20255552
9 Jul 2025134134
10 Jul 20253632
8 Sept 202510
9 Sept 20251010
10 Sept 20253433
11 Sept 2025690
6 Oct 202520
7 Oct 202555
8 Oct 2025550
9 Oct 20256565
20 Oct 202533
21 Oct 20251313
22 Oct 2025186182
23 Oct 20255553
13 Nov 2025267266
24 Nov 202533
25 Nov 20257575
26 Nov 202510083
27 Nov 2025125124
15 Dec 202544
16 Dec 20256657
17 Dec 20254341
18 Dec 2025420
20 Jan 20266763
21 Jan 2026112103
22 Jan 20265856
9 Feb 202620
10 Feb 20263838
11 Feb 20261313
12 Feb 2026141140
24 Feb 20264343
9 Mar 202610
10 Mar 2026197195
11 Mar 20266058
12 Mar 2026340
25 Mar 202630
26 Mar 2026690
27 Apr 202620
28 Apr 2026225222
29 Apr 2026296286
30 Apr 20266867
18 May 202640
19 May 202633
20 May 20269690
21 May 20269898
15 Jun 202620
16 Jun 20264038
17 Jun 2026127120
18 Jun 2026770
6 Jul 202620
7 Jul 20267272
8 Jul 2026144137
9 Jul 20266764
14 Sept 202610
15 Sept 2026155151
16 Sept 20268077
17 Sept 2026124123

Voting neighbours

Members who voted the same way most often in the roll calls they both took part in, within and outside the member’s group (group at the date of each vote), over all roll calls of the term.

At least 200 shared roll calls over at least six months in office together. Within = both sat in the same group on the date of the vote; a member who changed group can appear on both lists. Baseline = the median agreement of all pairs of members of the groups the two sat in on the date of each shared vote (within: the group they shared; outside: the two groups), weighted by the votes they shared in each combination.

Within S&D

Agreement: roll calls where both cast the same position, of the roll calls both voted in while in the same group (“shared”); a count below 50 shared. Baseline: the median agreement of every pair of members of that group.
SelectMemberGroupCountryAgreementBaseline
Thomas PELLERIN-CARLIN S&DFrance99 % of 5 187 shared93 %
Aurore LALUCQ S&DFrance99 % of 4 422 shared93 %
Emma RAFOWICZ S&DFrance99 % of 3 881 shared93 %
Christophe CLERGEAU S&DFrance99 % of 4 557 shared93 %
Murielle LAURENT S&DFrance99 % of 4 902 shared93 %
Eric SARGIACOMO S&DFrance99 % of 4 967 shared93 %
Nora MEBAREK S&DFrance99 % of 4 820 shared93 %
Pierre JOUVET S&DFrance98 % of 4 599 shared93 %
Claire FITA S&DFrance98 % of 4 155 shared93 %
Chloé RIDEL S&DFrance98 % of 3 319 shared93 %

Show all 10 neighbours

Outside the group

Agreement: roll calls where both cast the same position, of the roll calls both voted in while in different groups (“shared”); a count below 50 shared. Baseline: the median agreement of every pair of members of the groups the two sat in on those votes (groups at the date, weighted by the votes shared in each combination).
SelectMemberGroupCountryAgreementBaseline
Terry REINTKE GreensGermany88 % of 4 886 shared83 %
Veronika CIFROVÁ OSTRIHOŇOVÁ RenewSlovakia88 % of 4 134 shared86 %
Catarina VIEIRA GreensNetherlands88 % of 4 882 shared83 %
Kim VAN SPARRENTAK GreensNetherlands88 % of 4 858 shared83 %
Bas EICKHOUT Former memberGreensNetherlands88 % of 4 195 shared83 %
Anna CAVAZZINI GreensGermany88 % of 5 223 shared83 %
Erik MARQUARDT GreensGermany88 % of 5 000 shared83 %
Sara MATTHIEU GreensBelgium88 % of 4 546 shared83 %
Daniel FREUND GreensGermany88 % of 5 236 shared83 %
Kai TEGETHOFF GreensGermany88 % of 4 665 shared83 %

Show all 10 neighbours

Work

Seats in committees, delegations and intergroups, and the dossiers the member leads, shadows or negotiates.

Seats

Body: the committee, delegation or intergroup, with its kind. Role: the member’s role in it. From, To: the dates of the seat (“now” while it lasts).
BodyRoleFromTo
Committee on Foreign AffairsAFET CommitteeSubstitute10 Mar 2026now
Committee on International TradeINTA CommitteeSubstitute15 Dec 2025now
Committee on Security and DefenceSEDE CommitteeMember23 Jan 2025now
Special Committee on the European Democracy ShieldEUDS Special committeeSubstitute23 Jan 2025now
Delegation to the EU-Ukraine Parliamentary Association CommitteeD-UA DelegationMember19 Sept 2024now
Delegation to the Euronest Parliamentary AssemblyDEPA Parliamentary assemblyMember19 Sept 2024now
Intergroup on Anti-CorruptionIG10-01 Intergroup / working groupMember16 Jan 2025now
Intergroup on LGBTIQ+IG10-16 Intergroup / working groupMember31 Jan 2025now
Intergroup on Mental HealthIG10-17 Intergroup / working groupMember5 Feb 2025now
Intergroup on Seas, Rivers, Islands and Coastal Areas (SEARICA)IG10-20 Intergroup / working groupMember4 Feb 2025now

Show all 15 seats

Dossiers

Dossier: the procedure the declaration names (“No dossier named” for a delegation without one). Role: rapporteur, shadow rapporteur, negotiator or delegation. Committee: the committee that appointed them. Date: of the declaration.
DossierRoleCommitteeDate
European Defence Industry Programme and a framework of measures to ensure the timely availability and supply of defence products (‘EDIP’)RapporteurSEDE14 Mar 2025
2021/0297(COD) Generalised scheme of tariff preferencesShadow rapporteurINTA20 Jan 2025
Rapporteur fictif permanent sur la RussieShadow rapporteurAFET15 Nov 2024
Rapporteur permanent pour le suivi des législations sur le travail forcé et le devoir de vigilanceRapporteurINTA15 Nov 2024
Proposition de règlement du Parlement européen et du Conseil relatif au filtrage des investissements étrangers dans l’Union et abrogeant le règlement (UE) 2019/452 du Parlement européen et du ConseilRapporteurINTA9 Nov 2024

Show all 5 dossier roles

Topics they work on (model-assigned)

Counts: dossiers they spoke on, led or amended, and their questions and motions.

In the chamber

Speeches and statements in plenary debates, newest first; the verbatim report is on Parliament’s site.

46 contributions recorded; 5 on behalf of their group; 64 minutes of speaking time.

Show all 40 recent contributions

Questions and motions, 50

Parliamentary questions and motions for resolutions the member authored or co-signed, newest first.

Date: tabled. Title: the question or motion, with its id. Kind: written question or motion for a resolution, with the number of co-authors. Answer: the date of the answer to a question.
DateTitleKindAnswer
2 Sept 2026Protecting workers from extreme heatwaves E-10-2026-003456Written questionwith 8 co-authorsNot yet answered
15 Jul 2026Update by the Commission of its guidelines on tackling online disinformation during electoral processes E-10-2026-002950Written questionwith 31 co-authors11 Sept 2026
14 Jul 2026Preserving EU capacities to produce paper pulp and cellulose fibres – state of affairs at Fibre Excellence P-10-2026-002901Priority written questionwith 12 co-authors12 Aug 2026
8 Jul 2026Arbitrations under the Energy Charter Treaty brought against the EU by entities linked to sanctioned individuals E-10-2026-002842Written question17 Sept 2026
1 Jul 2026PROPOSAL FOR A DECISION requesting the Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations to verify whether Europe of Sovereign Nations Party complies with the conditions laid down in Article 3(1), points (d) and (e), of Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2025/2445 B-10-2026-0338Motion for a resolutionwith 246 co-authors—
30 Jun 2026Follow-up to question for written answer E-001083/2025 on menstrual products: transparency and health risks E-10-2026-002698Written questionwith 43 co-authors18 Sept 2026
18 Jun 2026Human trafficking and human rights violations through recruitment of non-Russian nationals, in particular from Africa, for Russia’s war of aggression in Ukraine E-10-2026-002532Written questionwith 27 co-authors6 Aug 2026
17 Jun 2026Request that the Commission publish evidence pertaining to the non-activation of the Blocking Statute E-10-2026-002520Written questionwith 31 co-authorsNot yet answered
5 Jun 2026Alleged forced labour at the BYD construction site in Szeged, Hungary: follow-up E-10-2026-002325Written questionwith 2 co-authors22 Jul 2026
23 Apr 2026Risks hanging over the European steel industry and use of public funding by ArcelorMittal E-10-2026-001682Written questionwith 12 co-authors8 Jun 2026

Show all 50 questions and motions

Amendments tabled in committee, 64

Committee amendment documents that carry amendments by the member, with how many are theirs.

Date: of the amendment document. Text amended: the dossier and the document’s id. Committee: where the amendments were tabled. Amendments: how many in the document are the member’s.
DateText amendedCommitteeAmendments
22 Jul 2026The 28th regime corporate legal framework – 'EU Inc.' JURI-AM-791128 JURI4
22 Jul 2026The 28th regime corporate legal framework – ‘EU Inc.’ JURI-AM-791129 JURI1
5 Jun 2026Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activities ITRE-AM-788898 ITRE1
18 May 2026Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activities ITRE-AM-788892 ITRE3
18 May 2026Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activities ITRE-AM-788896 ITRE16
18 May 2026Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activities ITRE-AM-788895 ITRE2
18 May 2026Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activities ITRE-AM-788902 ITRE10
18 May 2026Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activities ITRE-AM-788897 ITRE1
18 May 2026Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activities ITRE-AM-788849 ITRE1
18 May 2026Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activities ITRE-AM-788900 ITRE4

Show all 64 amendment documents

Connections

Dossiers they lead or shadow, committees, party, delegation and other related pages.

Political group

National delegation

  • Delegation France National delegation

Sources & citation

Where the facts on this page come from, and how to cite it.

Data source
Licensed CC BY 4.0.
Data version
data version 579b2832c723 (26 Sept 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1 · methods
Retrieved
26 September 2026

Cite as

EU Parl Watch Research (2026). “Raphaël GLUCKSMANN”. Member record. memberId 197694. EU Parl Watch Research. https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/197694?page=116&rows=all&vscope=all (retrieved 26 September 2026). Official source: Member’s profile, European Parliament, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/197694. Data: EP Open Data: member record, https://data.europarl.europa.eu/api/v2/meps/197694?format=application%2Fld%2Bjson (CC BY 4.0); data version 579b2832c723 (26 Sept 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1.
BibTeX
@misc{epw-member-197694,
  author = {{EU Parl Watch Research}},
  title = {{Raphaël GLUCKSMANN}},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/197694?page=116&rows=all&vscope=all}},
  url = {https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/197694?page=116&rows=all&vscope=all},
  urldate = {2026-09-26},
  publisher = {EU Parl Watch Research},
  note = {Member record. memberId 197694. Official source: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/197694. Data: EP Open Data: member record (CC BY 4.0); data version 579b2832c723 (26 Sept 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1}
}