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Member

Mohammed CHAHIM

S&D · Netherlands

Group
S&D
Country
Netherlands
Roll-call participation
90.2 %ⓘ of 620 roll calls in office · chamber median 90.6 % · whole term, final votes
With majority line
93.7 %ⓘ of 559 votes where the group had a line · S&D median 97.1 %
More facts (5)
National party
PRO Progressief Nederland
In office
Since 16 Jul 2024
Against clear line
33 of 554 votesⓘ
Committees
BUDG (substitute), ENVI, ITRE (substitute)
Member id
197782
More

Record

The member’s figures against the median of their group and of the chamber. Each vote counts the member in the group they belonged to that day.

Roll-call participation ⓘ

90.2 %

559 of 620 final votes while in office

S&D median: 89.5 % (+0.6 pts)

Chamber median: 90.6 %

With majority line ⓘ

93.7 %

524 of 559 votes where their group had a line

S&D median: 97.1 % (−3.4 pts)

Against clear line ⓘ

6.0 %

33 of 554 votes where their group had a clear line

17 opposite (for ↔ against), 16 abstained against the line

Abstention ⓘ

3.4 %

19 of 559 votes cast

Participation 90.2 % — S&D median 89.5 %, 137 members.ⓘ
Data as a table
Participation among the 137 members of the S&D with enough votes.
FigureParticipation
Mohammed CHAHIM90.2 %
S&D median89.5 %
Lowest in the group48.1 %
Highest in the group99.8 %
Members137
With majority line 93.7 % — S&D median 97.1 %, 137 members.ⓘ
Data as a table
With majority line among the 137 members of the S&D with enough votes.
FigureWith majority line
Mohammed CHAHIM93.7 %
S&D median97.1 %
Lowest in the group86.7 %
Highest in the group99.8 %
Members137
  • Whole term, 620 final votes; 620 of 794 decisions had a final vote recorded by name. The dots are the other members of S&D; no ranks.
  • “No vote recorded” is not the same as absent: leave, illness and chairing the sitting look the same.
  • A group’s line is inferred from its members’ votes — Parliament publishes no whip.

Votes, 5 928

Export

Every roll-call vote of the term with the member’s position, newest first.

Result: for–against–abstained. Majority line: how most of the member’s group voted that day (“Tie” when no position won). ≠ group marks a vote otherwise than a clear line (at least two thirds, with at least 10 members voting) of their group.
DateDecision and voteResultPositionMajority line
22 May 2025Deliberations of the Committee on Petitions in 2023 Amendment 19, adding text after paragraph 2 263 for, 108 against, 222 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
22 May 2025Deliberations of the Committee on Petitions in 2023 Amendment 16, adding text after paragraph 2 192 for, 374 against, 20 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
22 May 2025Deliberations of the Committee on Petitions in 2023 Separate vote on paragraph 2 266 for, 304 against, 22 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
22 May 2025Amendments to the Capital Requirements Regulation as regards securities financing transactions under the net stable funding ratio Final votePassed 436 for, 149 against, 11 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
22 May 2025Euratom Research and Training Programme for the period 2026-2027 complementing Horizon Europe Final votePassed 489 for, 55 against, 38 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
22 May 2025Amendments to the Capital Requirements Regulation as regards securities financing transactions under the net stable funding ratio Amendment 6 to Article 1, point 2 Règlement (UE) nº 575/2013 Article 510, paragraph paragraph 7 et 8 259 for, 288 against, 46 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
22 May 2025Amendments to the Capital Requirements Regulation as regards securities financing transactions under the net stable funding ratio Amendment 1 115 for, 442 against, 41 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
22 May 2025Granting equivalence to Moldova and Ukraine for field inspections and seed production Final votePassed 374 for, 176 against, 36 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
22 May 2025Granting equivalence to Moldova and Ukraine for field inspections and seed production Amendment 5, adding text after recital 11 177 for, 400 against, 7 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
22 May 2025Granting equivalence to Moldova and Ukraine for field inspections and seed production Amendment 4, adding text after recital 11 181 for, 396 against, 4 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
22 May 2025Granting equivalence to Moldova and Ukraine for field inspections and seed production Amendment 3 180 for, 367 against, 43 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
22 May 2025Modification of customs duties applicable to imports of certain goods originating in or exported from the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus Final votePassed 411 for, 100 against, 78 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
22 May 2025Modification of customs duties applicable to imports of certain goods originating in or exported from the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus Amendment 3, adding text after recital 11 164 for, 358 against, 61 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
22 May 2025Modification of customs duties applicable to imports of certain goods originating in or exported from the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus Amendment 4, adding text after recital 10 217 for, 348 against, 25 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
22 May 2025Modification of customs duties applicable to imports of certain goods originating in or exported from the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus Amendment 2, adding text after recital 10 176 for, 380 against, 34 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
22 May 2025Modification of customs duties applicable to imports of certain goods originating in or exported from the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus Amendment 5, adding text after recital 5 185 for, 362 against, 42 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
22 May 2025Modification of customs duties applicable to imports of certain goods originating in or exported from the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus Amendment 6 to Article 2, après le paragraph 2 172 for, 376 against, 41 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
22 May 2025Amending Regulation (EU) 2023/956 as regards simplifying and strengthening the carbon border adjustment mechanism Final votePassed 564 for, 20 against, 12 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
22 May 2025Amending Regulation (EU) 2023/956 as regards simplifying and strengthening the carbon border adjustment mechanism Amendment 9, adding text after recital 29 171 for, 414 against, 9 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
22 May 2025Amending Regulation (EU) 2023/956 as regards simplifying and strengthening the carbon border adjustment mechanism Amendment 23, adding text after recital 27 172 for, 405 against, 6 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
22 May 2025Amending Regulation (EU) 2023/956 as regards simplifying and strengthening the carbon border adjustment mechanism Amendment 14, adding text after recital 27 111 for, 428 against, 52 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
22 May 2025Amending Regulation (EU) 2023/956 as regards simplifying and strengthening the carbon border adjustment mechanism Amendment 13, adding text after recital 27 114 for, 424 against, 51 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
22 May 2025Amending Regulation (EU) 2023/956 as regards simplifying and strengthening the carbon border adjustment mechanism Amendment 30, adding text after recital 1 195 for, 387 against, 11 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
22 May 2025Amending Regulation (EU) 2023/956 as regards simplifying and strengthening the carbon border adjustment mechanism Amendment 29, adding text after recital 1 189 for, 388 against, 17 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
22 May 2025Amending Regulation (EU) 2023/956 as regards simplifying and strengthening the carbon border adjustment mechanism Amendment 19, adding text after recital 1 164 for, 407 against, 20 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
22 May 2025Amending Regulation (EU) 2023/956 as regards simplifying and strengthening the carbon border adjustment mechanism Amendment 18, adding text after recital 1 171 for, 407 against, 5 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
22 May 2025Amending Regulation (EU) 2023/956 as regards simplifying and strengthening the carbon border adjustment mechanism Amendment 17, adding text after recital 1 169 for, 415 against, 8 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: Against
22 May 2025Amending Regulation (EU) 2023/956 as regards simplifying and strengthening the carbon border adjustment mechanism Amendment 27 to Annex II, point 1 Regulation (EU) 2023/956 Annex VII, point 1 176 for, 411 against, 3 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: Against
22 May 2025Amending Regulation (EU) 2023/956 as regards simplifying and strengthening the carbon border adjustment mechanism Amendment 12 to Annex I, paragraph 1, point 2, point a Regulation (EU) 2023/956 Annex IV, point 4.1, fourth sentence 163 for, 418 against, 7 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: Against
22 May 2025Amending Regulation (EU) 2023/956 as regards simplifying and strengthening the carbon border adjustment mechanism Amendment 31 to Article 1, alinéa 1, point 25, sous-point a Règlement (UE) 2023/956 Article 36, paragraph 2, point b 187 for, 387 against, 17 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: Against
22 May 2025Amending Regulation (EU) 2023/956 as regards simplifying and strengthening the carbon border adjustment mechanism Amendment 26 to Article 1, alinéa 1, point 25, sous-point a Règlement (UE) 2023/956 Article 36, paragraph 2, point b 151 for, 421 against, 22 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: Against
22 May 2025Amending Regulation (EU) 2023/956 as regards simplifying and strengthening the carbon border adjustment mechanism Amendment 25 to Article 1, alinéa 1, après le point 24 Règlement (UE) 2023/956 après l'article 32 158 for, 411 against, 19 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: Against
22 May 2025Amending Regulation (EU) 2023/956 as regards simplifying and strengthening the carbon border adjustment mechanism Amendment 15 to Article 1, paragraph 1, après le point 23 Règlement (UE) 2023/956 Article 30, paragraph 2 103 for, 438 against, 47 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: Against
22 May 2025Amending Regulation (EU) 2023/956 as regards simplifying and strengthening the carbon border adjustment mechanism Amendments 7 + 11 (voted as one) to Article 1, alinéa 1, point 21, sous-point a Règlement (UE) 2023/956 Article 26, après le paragraph 1 105 for, 462 against, 14 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: Against
22 May 2025Amending Regulation (EU) 2023/956 as regards simplifying and strengthening the carbon border adjustment mechanism Amendment 10 to Article 1, alinéa 1, point 16, sous-point b Règlement (UE) 2023/956 Article 22, paragraph 2, point b 159 for, 411 against, 6 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: Against
21 May 2025Wednesday’s agenda – Request by The Left Group Request by The Left Group 102 for, 378 against, 7 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
21 May 2025Wednesday’s agenda – Request by the PfE Group Request by the PfE Group 132 for, 334 against, 5 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
8 May 2025Old challenges and new commercial practices in the internal market Final vote — text as a wholeAdopted 306 for, 80 against, 57 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
8 May 2025Old challenges and new commercial practices in the internal market Amendment 6, adding text after recital E 172 for, 288 against, 11 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
8 May 2025Old challenges and new commercial practices in the internal market Amendment 27, adding text after paragraph 37 146 for, 311 against, 14 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
8 May 2025Old challenges and new commercial practices in the internal market Amendment 24 to paragraph 35 164 for, 276 against, 22 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
8 May 2025Old challenges and new commercial practices in the internal market Paragraph 30 — part 2 375 for, 92 against, 6 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
8 May 2025Old challenges and new commercial practices in the internal market Paragraph 30 — part 1 444 for, 32 against, 3 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
8 May 2025Old challenges and new commercial practices in the internal market Amendment 16 to paragraph 29 100 for, 306 against, 71 abstainedPosition: For ≠ groupMajority line: Abstained
8 May 2025Old challenges and new commercial practices in the internal market Amendment 26 to paragraph 24 86 for, 345 against, 51 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
8 May 2025Old challenges and new commercial practices in the internal market Amendment 23, adding text after paragraph 21 — part 2 168 for, 312 against, 1 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
8 May 2025Old challenges and new commercial practices in the internal market Amendment 23, adding text after paragraph 21 — part 1 281 for, 193 against, 1 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
8 May 2025Old challenges and new commercial practices in the internal market Amendment 14 to paragraph 16 67 for, 378 against, 36 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
8 May 2025Old challenges and new commercial practices in the internal market Amendment 25, adding text after paragraph 15 137 for, 326 against, 22 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
8 May 2025Old challenges and new commercial practices in the internal market Amendment 9 to paragraph 5 127 for, 321 against, 40 abstainedPosition: Against ≠ groupMajority line: For

Show all 50 votes on this page

Roll-call participation

One cell per sitting while in office, shaded by the share of that day’s roll calls the member voted in. The official attendance register is kept separately by Parliament.

No vote recorded on 4 of 80 sittings with roll calls.

"No vote recorded" is not the same as absent: leave, illness and chairing the sitting look the same.

Data as a table

Voting neighbours

Members who voted the same way most often in the roll calls they both took part in, within and outside the member’s group (group at the date of each vote), over all roll calls of the term.

At least 200 shared roll calls over at least six months in office together. Within = both sat in the same group on the date of the vote; a member who changed group can appear on both lists. Baseline = the median agreement of all pairs of members of the groups the two sat in on the date of each shared vote (within: the group they shared; outside: the two groups), weighted by the votes they shared in each combination.

Within S&D

Agreement: roll calls where both cast the same position, of the roll calls both voted in while in the same group (“shared”); a count below 50 shared. Baseline: the median agreement of every pair of members of that group.
SelectMemberGroupCountryAgreementBaseline
Thijs REUTEN S&DNetherlands97 % of 5 052 shared93 %
Marit MAIJ S&DNetherlands97 % of 5 174 shared93 %
Lara WOLTERS S&DNetherlands96 % of 4 694 shared93 %
Udo BULLMANN S&DGermany94 % of 4 349 shared93 %
Katarina BARLEY S&DGermany94 % of 3 592 shared93 %
Lina GÁLVEZ S&DSpain94 % of 4 237 shared93 %
Gabriele BISCHOFF S&DGermany94 % of 4 983 shared93 %
Iratxe GARCÍA PÉREZ S&DSpain94 % of 4 744 shared93 %
Birgit SIPPEL S&DGermany94 % of 4 039 shared93 %
Bruno TOBBACK S&DBelgium94 % of 4 910 shared93 %

Show all 10 neighbours

Outside the group

Agreement: roll calls where both cast the same position, of the roll calls both voted in while in different groups (“shared”); a count below 50 shared. Baseline: the median agreement of every pair of members of the groups the two sat in on those votes (groups at the date, weighted by the votes shared in each combination).
SelectMemberGroupCountryAgreementBaseline
Kim VAN SPARRENTAK GreensNetherlands89 % of 4 754 shared83 %
Catarina VIEIRA GreensNetherlands89 % of 4 778 shared83 %
Terry REINTKE GreensGermany89 % of 4 795 shared83 %
Tineke STRIK GreensNetherlands89 % of 4 843 shared83 %
Erik MARQUARDT GreensGermany88 % of 4 965 shared83 %
Bas EICKHOUT Former memberGreensNetherlands88 % of 4 048 shared83 %
Kai TEGETHOFF GreensGermany88 % of 5 186 shared83 %
Reinier VAN LANSCHOT GreensNetherlands88 % of 5 043 shared83 %
Rasmus NORDQVIST GreensDenmark88 % of 5 170 shared83 %
Jutta PAULUS GreensGermany88 % of 4 695 shared83 %

Show all 10 neighbours

Work

Seats in committees, delegations and intergroups, and the dossiers the member leads, shadows or negotiates.

Seats

Body: the committee, delegation or intergroup, with its kind. Role: the member’s role in it. From, To: the dates of the seat (“now” while it lasts).
BodyRoleFromTo
Committee on BudgetsBUDG CommitteeSubstitute19 Jul 2024now
Committee on the Environment, Climate and Food SafetyENVI CommitteeMember20 Jan 2025now
Committee on Industry, Research and EnergyITRE CommitteeSubstitute19 Jul 2024now
Delegation for relations with the Arab PeninsulaDARP DelegationMember19 Sept 2024now
Delegation for relations with the Korean PeninsulaDKOR DelegationSubstitute19 Sept 2024now
Intergroup on Children’s RightsIG10-06 Intergroup / working groupMember19 Feb 2025now
Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food SafetyENVI CommitteeMember19 Jul 202419 Jan 2025

Show all 7 seats

Dossiers

Dossier: the procedure the declaration names (“No dossier named” for a delegation without one). Role: rapporteur, shadow rapporteur, negotiator or delegation. Committee: the committee that appointed them. Date: of the declaration.
DossierRoleCommitteeDate
No dossier namedOfficial delegationENVI29 Sept 2026
EU Emissions Trading System and market stability reserve: competitiveness and cost-effective decarbonisationShadow rapporteurENVI15 Sept 2026
Amending Decision (EU) 2015/1814 as regards ceasing the invalidation of allowances in the market stability reserveShadow rapporteurENVI2 Sept 2026
No dossier namedOfficial delegationITRE25 Jun 2026
24th EU-RoK Interparliamentary meeting: Seoul, 27 - 29th May 2026.Official delegationDKOR17 Apr 2026
No dossier namedOfficial delegationENVI26 Mar 2026
No dossier namedOfficial delegationENVI20 Mar 2026
No dossier namedOfficial delegationBUDG5 Mar 2026
Amending Regulation (EU) 2023/956 as regards the extension of its scope to downstream goods and anti-circumvention measuresRapporteurENVI23 Feb 2026
Establishing the Temporary Decarbonisation FundShadow rapporteurENVI23 Feb 2026

Show all 24 dossier roles

Topics they work on (model-assigned)

Counts: dossiers they spoke on, led or amended, and their questions and motions.

In the chamber

Speeches and statements in plenary debates, newest first; the verbatim report is on Parliament’s site.

63 contributions recorded; 29 on behalf of their group; 95 minutes of speaking time.

Show all 40 recent contributions

Questions and motions, 16

Parliamentary questions and motions for resolutions the member authored or co-signed, newest first.

Date: tabled. Title: the question or motion, with its id. Kind: written question or motion for a resolution, with the number of co-authors. Answer: the date of the answer to a question.
DateTitleKindAnswer
8 Sept 2026Chatbots directing women with unwanted pregnancies to anti-abortion websites E-10-2026-003539Written questionwith 67 co-authorsNot yet answered
1 Jul 2026PROPOSAL FOR A DECISION requesting the Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations to verify whether Europe of Sovereign Nations Party complies with the conditions laid down in Article 3(1), points (d) and (e), of Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2025/2445 B-10-2026-0338Motion for a resolutionwith 246 co-authors—
19 Jun 2026Ban the butt: it is time to stub out cigarette filters E-10-2026-002547Written questionwith 9 co-authors3 Sept 2026
22 Apr 2026Asbestos in children’s toys and the functioning of Safety Gate E-10-2026-001661Written questionwith 1 co-author15 Jun 2026
21 Apr 2026Customs practices related to products imported from illegal Israeli settlements in the OPTs E-10-2026-001633Written questionwith 71 co-authors16 Jul 2026
17 Apr 2026Taxation of windfall profits in the energy sector O-10-2026-000019Oral questionwith 53 co-authorsNot yet answered
4 Mar 2026Privacy risks and GDPR compliance issues linked to Meta’s smart glasses and AI training practices P-10-2026-000903Priority written questionwith 34 co-authors1 Apr 2026
25 Feb 2026Cross-border exploitation and substandard housing of EU mobile workers E-10-2026-000801Written questionwith 1 co-author13 Apr 2026
20 Oct 2025Gas exploration licences in Palestinian maritime areas E-10-2025-004122Written questionwith 17 co-authors22 Dec 2025
9 Sept 2025Protection of journalists and investigation into killings in Gaza E-10-2025-003482Written questionwith 108 co-authors4 Nov 2025

Show all 16 questions and motions

Amendments tabled in committee, 59

Committee amendment documents that carry amendments by the member, with how many are theirs.

Date: of the amendment document. Text amended: the dossier and the document’s id. Committee: where the amendments were tabled. Amendments: how many in the document are the member’s.
DateText amendedCommitteeAmendments
22 Jul 2026Amending Decision (EU) 2015/1814 as regards ceasing the invalidation of allowances in the market stability reserve ENVI-AM-791122 ENVI3
30 Jun 2026Amending Regulations (EC) No 561/2006, (EU) 2018/858, (EU) 2019/2144 and (EU) 2024/1257 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the simplification of technical requirements and testing procedures for motor vehicles and repealing Council Directive 70/157/EEC and Regulation No 540/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council CJ76-AM-789167 CJ764
29 Jun 2026UN Climate Change Conference 2026 in Antalya, Turkey (COP31) ENVI-AM-790214 ENVI12
29 Jun 2026UN Climate Change Conference 2026 in Antalya, Turkey (COP31) ENVI-AM-790213 ENVI24
26 Jun 2026Amending Regulations (EC) No 561/2006, (EU) 2018/858, (EU) 2019/2144 and (EU) 2024/1257 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the simplification of technical requirements and testing procedures for motor vehicles and repealing Council Directive 70/157/EEC and Regulation No 540/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council CJ76-AM-789089 CJ763
26 Jun 2026Amending Regulations (EC) No 561/2006, (EU) 2018/858, (EU) 2019/2144 and (EU) 2024/1257 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the simplification of technical requirements and testing procedures for motor vehicles and repealing Council Directive 70/157/EEC and Regulation No 540/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council CJ76-AM-789933 CJ7623
5 Jun 2026Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activities ITRE-AM-788898 ITRE4
18 May 2026Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activities ITRE-AM-788894 ITRE9
18 May 2026Establishing the Temporary Decarbonisation Fund ITRE-AM-787940 ITRE36
18 May 2026Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activities ITRE-AM-788902 ITRE4

Show all 59 amendment documents

Connections

Dossiers they lead or shadow, committees, party, delegation and other related pages.

Political group

National delegation

Sources & citation

Where the facts on this page come from, and how to cite it.

Data source
Licensed CC BY 4.0.
Data version
data version 7669c786bb14 (1 Oct 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1 · methods
Retrieved
1 October 2026

Cite as

EU Parl Watch Research (2026). “Mohammed CHAHIM”. Member record. memberId 197782. EU Parl Watch Research. https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/197782?page=87&scope=final&vscope=all (retrieved 1 October 2026). Official source: Member’s profile, European Parliament, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/197782. Data: EP Open Data: member record, https://data.europarl.europa.eu/api/v2/meps/197782?format=application%2Fld%2Bjson (CC BY 4.0); data version 7669c786bb14 (1 Oct 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1.
BibTeX
@misc{epw-member-197782,
  author = {{EU Parl Watch Research}},
  title = {{Mohammed CHAHIM}},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/197782?page=87&scope=final&vscope=all}},
  url = {https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/197782?page=87&scope=final&vscope=all},
  urldate = {2026-10-01},
  publisher = {EU Parl Watch Research},
  note = {Member record. memberId 197782. Official source: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/197782. Data: EP Open Data: member record (CC BY 4.0); data version 7669c786bb14 (1 Oct 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1}
}