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Member

Christian EHLER

EPP · Germany

Group
EPP PPE
Country
Germany
Roll-call participation
84.0 %ⓘ of 620 roll calls in office · chamber median 90.6 % · whole term, final votes
With majority line
97.3 %ⓘ of 521 votes where the group had a line · EPP median 95.6 %
More facts (5)
National party
CDU Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands
In office
Since 16 Jul 2024
Against clear line
12 of 485 votesⓘ
Committees
BUDG (substitute), ITRE
Member id
28226
More

Record

The member’s figures against the median of their group and of the chamber. Each vote counts the member in the group they belonged to that day.

Roll-call participation ⓘ

84.0 %

521 of 620 final votes while in office

EPP median: 90.6 % (−6.5 pts)

Chamber median: 90.6 %

With majority line ⓘ

97.3 %

507 of 521 votes where their group had a line

EPP median: 95.6 % (+1.7 pts)

Against clear line ⓘ

2.5 %

12 of 485 votes where their group had a clear line

11 opposite (for ↔ against), 1 abstained against the line

Abstention ⓘ

0.2 %

1 of 521 votes cast

Participation 84.0 % — EPP median 90.6 %, 192 members.ⓘ
Data as a table
Participation among the 192 members of the EPP with enough votes.
FigureParticipation
Christian EHLER84.0 %
EPP median90.6 %
Lowest in the group18.4 %
Highest in the group99.8 %
Members192
With majority line 97.3 % — EPP median 95.6 %, 192 members.ⓘ
Data as a table
With majority line among the 192 members of the EPP with enough votes.
FigureWith majority line
Christian EHLER97.3 %
EPP median95.6 %
Lowest in the group67.8 %
Highest in the group99.0 %
Members192
  • Whole term, 620 final votes; 620 of 794 decisions had a final vote recorded by name. The dots are the other members of EPP; no ranks.
  • “No vote recorded” is not the same as absent: leave, illness and chairing the sitting look the same.
  • A group’s line is inferred from its members’ votes — Parliament publishes no whip.

Votes, 5 928

Export

Every roll-call vote of the term with the member’s position, newest first.

Result: for–against–abstained. Majority line: how most of the member’s group voted that day (“Tie” when no position won). ≠ group marks a vote otherwise than a clear line (at least two thirds, with at least 10 members voting) of their group.
DateDecision and voteResultPositionMajority line
23 Oct 2024Guidelines for the employment policies of the Member States Amendment 11 — part 2 456 for, 134 against, 45 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
23 Oct 2024Guidelines for the employment policies of the Member States Amendment 10 — part 2 362 for, 243 against, 36 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: For
23 Oct 2024Guidelines for the employment policies of the Member States Amendment 10 — part 1 418 for, 180 against, 31 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
23 Oct 2024Guidelines for the employment policies of the Member States Amendment 5 — part 2 452 for, 144 against, 44 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
23 Oct 2024Guidelines for the employment policies of the Member States Amendment 1 — part 2 430 for, 188 against, 22 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Final vote — text as a wholeResolution rejected 233 for, 360 against, 59 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 77, adding text after paragraph 98 134 for, 484 against, 29 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 17, adding text after paragraph 92 — part 2 139 for, 481 against, 29 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 17, adding text after paragraph 92 — part 1 349 for, 68 against, 230 abstainedPosition: Abstained Majority line: Abstained
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 16 to paragraph 92 255 for, 314 against, 80 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 68, adding text after paragraph 91 — part 4 216 for, 389 against, 39 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 68, adding text after paragraph 91 — part 3 500 for, 62 against, 81 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 68, adding text after paragraph 91 — part 2 85 for, 500 against, 58 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 68, adding text after paragraph 91 — part 1 520 for, 66 against, 54 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 67, adding text after paragraph 91 — part 2 107 for, 536 against, 12 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 67, adding text after paragraph 91 — part 1 284 for, 289 against, 79 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 76, adding text after paragraph 90 85 for, 526 against, 35 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 75, adding text after paragraph 90 79 for, 526 against, 37 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 74, adding text after paragraph 90 178 for, 442 against, 30 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 20 to paragraph 90, point e 327 for, 309 against, 13 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 19 to paragraph 90, After point d 291 for, 322 against, 39 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 50 to paragraph 89 — part 4 300 for, 299 against, 45 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 50 to paragraph 89 — part 3 500 for, 110 against, 40 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 50 to paragraph 89 — part 2 231 for, 387 against, 23 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 50 to paragraph 89 — part 1 504 for, 94 against, 30 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Separate vote on paragraph 88 498 for, 121 against, 24 abstainedPosition: Against ≠ groupMajority line: For
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 73, adding text after paragraph 87 127 for, 473 against, 29 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 72, adding text after paragraph 87 110 for, 460 against, 76 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 39, adding text after paragraph 79 168 for, 432 against, 32 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 38, adding text after paragraph 79 176 for, 449 against, 19 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Paragraph 78 — part 4 502 for, 68 against, 77 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: For
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Paragraph 78 — part 3 452 for, 142 against, 49 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Paragraph 78 — part 2 462 for, 123 against, 49 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 47, adding text after paragraph 76 121 for, 468 against, 48 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 69, adding text after paragraph 75 333 for, 267 against, 37 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 37, adding text after paragraph 75 192 for, 420 against, 26 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 1, adding text after paragraph 75 280 for, 304 against, 51 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: For
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Paragraph 75 — part 3 367 for, 224 against, 54 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 65, adding text after paragraph 68 74 for, 482 against, 94 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 15, adding text after paragraph 66 73 for, 558 against, 17 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 46, adding text after paragraph 64 326 for, 293 against, 17 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 34, adding text after paragraph 64 192 for, 455 against, 3 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 33, adding text after paragraph 64 191 for, 454 against, 5 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 32, adding text after paragraph 64 330 for, 295 against, 22 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 64, adding text after paragraph 63 154 for, 433 against, 65 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 31, adding text after paragraph 63 — part 2 169 for, 461 against, 19 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 31, adding text after paragraph 63 — part 1 196 for, 438 against, 6 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 45, adding text after paragraph 63 329 for, 297 against, 15 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Amendment 30, adding text after paragraph 63 212 for, 303 against, 124 abstainedPosition: Abstained Majority line: Abstained
23 Oct 2024General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 – all sections Paragraph 63 — part 11 483 for, 116 against, 49 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For

Show all 50 votes on this page

Roll-call participation

One cell per sitting while in office, shaded by the share of that day’s roll calls the member voted in. The official attendance register is kept separately by Parliament.

No vote recorded on 10 of 80 sittings with roll calls.

"No vote recorded" is not the same as absent: leave, illness and chairing the sitting look the same.

Data as a table

Voting neighbours

Members who voted the same way most often in the roll calls they both took part in, within and outside the member’s group (group at the date of each vote), over all roll calls of the term.

At least 200 shared roll calls over at least six months in office together. Within = both sat in the same group on the date of the vote; a member who changed group can appear on both lists. Baseline = the median agreement of all pairs of members of the groups the two sat in on the date of each shared vote (within: the group they shared; outside: the two groups), weighted by the votes they shared in each combination.

Within EPP

Agreement: roll calls where both cast the same position, of the roll calls both voted in while in the same group (“shared”); a count below 50 shared. Baseline: the median agreement of every pair of members of that group.
SelectMemberGroupCountryAgreementBaseline
Axel VOSS EPPGermany98 % of 3 975 shared89 %
Christine SCHNEIDER Former memberEPPGermany98 % of 3 059 shared89 %
Ralf SEEKATZ EPPGermany98 % of 4 438 shared89 %
Verena MERTENS EPPGermany98 % of 4 425 shared89 %
Alexandra MEHNERT EPPGermany98 % of 4 487 shared89 %
Oliver SCHENK EPPGermany98 % of 4 859 shared89 %
Manfred WEBER EPPGermany98 % of 4 215 shared89 %
Lena DÜPONT EPPGermany98 % of 4 076 shared89 %
Stefan KÖHLER EPPGermany98 % of 4 589 shared89 %
Daniel CASPARY Former memberEPPGermany97 % of 2 742 shared89 %

Show all 10 neighbours

Outside the group

Agreement: roll calls where both cast the same position, of the roll calls both voted in while in different groups (“shared”); a count below 50 shared. Baseline: the median agreement of every pair of members of the groups the two sat in on those votes (groups at the date, weighted by the votes shared in each combination).
SelectMemberGroupCountryAgreementBaseline
Urmas PAET RenewEstonia89 % of 4 358 shared82 %
Dan BARNA RenewRomania87 % of 4 267 shared82 %
Hilde VAUTMANS RenewBelgium87 % of 4 751 shared82 %
Bart GROOTHUIS RenewNetherlands87 % of 3 674 shared82 %
Andreas GLÜCK RenewGermany87 % of 3 313 shared82 %
Jeannette BALJEU RenewNetherlands87 % of 4 258 shared82 %
Katri KULMUNI RenewFinland87 % of 3 874 shared82 %
Eugen TOMAC RenewRomania87 % of 3 502 shared82 %
Jan-Christoph OETJEN RenewGermany87 % of 4 760 shared82 %
Moritz KÖRNER RenewGermany86 % of 4 814 shared82 %

Show all 10 neighbours

Work

Seats in committees, delegations and intergroups, and the dossiers the member leads, shadows or negotiates.

Seats

Body: the committee, delegation or intergroup, with its kind. Role: the member’s role in it. From, To: the dates of the seat (“now” while it lasts).
BodyRoleFromTo
Committee on BudgetsBUDG CommitteeSubstitute19 Jul 2024now
Committee on Industry, Research and EnergyITRE CommitteeMember19 Jul 2024now
Delegation for relations with the Maghreb countries and the Arab Maghreb Union, including the EU-Morocco, EU-Tunisia and EU-Algeria Joint Parliamentary CommitteesDMAG DelegationMember19 Sept 2024now
Intergroup on Attracting Investment to Ensure a Competitive and Sustainable European UnionIG10-03 Intergroup / working groupMember31 Jan 2025now

Show all 4 seats

Dossiers

Dossier: the procedure the declaration names (“No dossier named” for a delegation without one). Role: rapporteur, shadow rapporteur, negotiator or delegation. Committee: the committee that appointed them. Date: of the declaration.
DossierRoleCommitteeDate
Establishing the Specific Programme implementing Horizon Europe - the Framework Programme for Research and Innovation for the period 2028-2034, laying down the rules for participation and dissemination under that ProgrammeShadow rapporteur for an opinionBUDG13 Jan 2026
No dossier namedShadow rapporteur for an opinionITRE27 Nov 2025
Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activitiesRapporteurITRE6 Nov 2025
Establishing Horizon Europe, the Framework Programme for Research and Innovation, for the period 2028-2034 laying down its rules for participation and dissemination, and repealing Regulation (EU) 2021/695RapporteurITRE6 Nov 2025
'Conciliation Committee for the budget 2026'Trilogue negotiator23 Oct 2025
Amending Council Regulation (EU) 2021/1173 of 13 July 2021 on establishing the European High Performance Computing Joint Undertaking and repealing Regulation (EU) 2018/1488Shadow rapporteurITRE23 Oct 2025
Amending Regulations (EU) 2021/694, (EU) 2021/695, (EU) 2021/697, (EU) 2021/1153, (EU) 2023/1525 and 2024/795, as regards incentivising defence-related investments in the EU budget to implement the ReArm Europe PlanOpinion rapporteurBUDG22 May 2025
Implementation of the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation AgreementShadow rapporteur for an opinionITRE27 Mar 2025
A revamped long-term budget for the Union in a changing worldOpinion rapporteurITRE13 Feb 2025
No dossier namedShadow rapporteurITRE13 Feb 2025

Show all 14 dossier roles

Topics they work on (model-assigned)

Counts: dossiers they spoke on, led or amended, and their questions and motions.

In the chamber

Speeches and statements in plenary debates, newest first; the verbatim report is on Parliament’s site.

14 contributions recorded; 6 on behalf of their group; 28 minutes of speaking time.

Show all 14 recent contributions

Questions and motions, 23

Parliamentary questions and motions for resolutions the member authored or co-signed, newest first.

Date: tabled. Title: the question or motion, with its id. Kind: written question or motion for a resolution, with the number of co-authors. Answer: the date of the answer to a question.
DateTitleKindAnswer
23 Jul 2026Energy Performance of Buildings Directive E-10-2026-003113Written questionwith 17 co-authorsNot yet answered
17 Jul 2026Impact of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive on construction and housing prices E-10-2026-003055Written question24 Sept 2026
17 Jul 2026Inappropriate design of public consultation on European Partnerships E-10-2026-003054Written questionwith 2 co-authorsNot yet answered
17 Jul 2026Basic methodological mistakes in European Partnerships public consultation E-10-2026-003053Written questionwith 2 co-authorsNot yet answered
6 Mar 2026Classification of local electricity supply facilities (‘customer facilities’) under internal market law pursuant to Directive (EU) 2019/944 E-10-2026-000942Written questionwith 4 co-authors12 Jun 2026
21 Jan 2026EU Connection Network Codes E-10-2026-000240Written questionwith 3 co-authors26 Jun 2026
14 Jan 2026Key performance indicators in the Clean Industrial Deal P-10-2026-000126Priority written question16 Feb 2026
10 Oct 2025Faciliating a better EIT P-10-2025-003992Priority written question8 Dec 2025
23 Jul 2025Governance of the European Competitiveness Fund E-10-2025-003055Written question11 Sept 2025
2 Jul 2025Ensuring that demand meets supply in the CO<sub>2</sub> storage market E-10-2025-002712Written questionwith 1 co-author12 Sept 2025

Show all 23 questions and motions

Amendments tabled in committee, 107

Committee amendment documents that carry amendments by the member, with how many are theirs.

Date: of the amendment document. Text amended: the dossier and the document’s id. Committee: where the amendments were tabled. Amendments: how many in the document are the member’s.
DateText amendedCommitteeAmendments
17 Sept 2026Mobile satellite services: selection and authorisation of systems using the harmonised 2 GHz frequency band ITRE-AM-792193 ITRE34
17 Sept 2026Mobile satellite services: selection and authorisation of systems using the harmonised 2 GHz frequency band ITRE-AM-792052 ITRE36
28 Jul 2026Amending Directives 2008/98/EC, 2010/75/EU, (EU) 2015/2193 and (EU) 2024/1785 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards simplification of some requirements and reduction of administrative burden ENVI-AM-791123 ENVI15
27 Jul 2026Amending Regulations (EU) 2016/679, (EU) 2018/1724, (EU) 2018/1725, (EU) 2023/2854 and Directives 2002/58/EC, (EU) 2022/2555 and (EU) 2022/2557 as regards the simplification of the digital legislative framework, and repealing Regulations (EU) 2018/1807, (EU) 2019/1150, (EU) 2022/868, and Directive (EU) 2019/1024 (Digital Omnibus) CJ72-AM-791873 CJ7221
27 Jul 2026Amending Regulations (EU) 2016/679, (EU) 2018/1724, (EU) 2018/1725, (EU) 2023/2854 and Directives 2002/58/EC, (EU) 2022/2555 and (EU) 2022/2557 as regards the simplification of the digital legislative framework, and repealing Regulations (EU) 2018/1807, (EU) 2019/1150, (EU) 2022/868, and Directive (EU) 2019/1024 (Digital Omnibus) CJ72-AM-790968 CJ722
27 Jul 2026Amending Regulations (EU) 2016/679, (EU) 2018/1724, (EU) 2018/1725, (EU) 2023/2854 and Directives 2002/58/EC, (EU) 2022/2555 and (EU) 2022/2557 as regards the simplification of the digital legislative framework, and repealing Regulations (EU) 2018/1807, (EU) 2019/1150, (EU) 2022/868, and Directive (EU) 2019/1024 (Digital Omnibus) CJ72-AM-791883 CJ725
27 Jul 2026Amending Regulations (EU) 2016/679, (EU) 2018/1724, (EU) 2018/1725, (EU) 2023/2854 and Directives 2002/58/EC, (EU) 2022/2555 and (EU) 2022/2557 as regards the simplification of the digital legislative framework, and repealing Regulations (EU) 2018/1807, (EU) 2019/1150, (EU) 2022/868, and Directive (EU) 2019/1024 (Digital Omnibus) CJ72-AM-786820 CJ725
27 Jul 2026Amending Regulations (EU) 2016/679, (EU) 2018/1724, (EU) 2018/1725, (EU) 2023/2854 and Directives 2002/58/EC, (EU) 2022/2555 and (EU) 2022/2557 as regards the simplification of the digital legislative framework, and repealing Regulations (EU) 2018/1807, (EU) 2019/1150, (EU) 2022/868, and Directive (EU) 2019/1024 (Digital Omnibus) CJ72-AM-791071 CJ7210
27 Jul 2026Amending Regulations (EU) 2016/679, (EU) 2018/1724, (EU) 2018/1725, (EU) 2023/2854 and Directives 2002/58/EC, (EU) 2022/2555 and (EU) 2022/2557 as regards the simplification of the digital legislative framework, and repealing Regulations (EU) 2018/1807, (EU) 2019/1150, (EU) 2022/868, and Directive (EU) 2019/1024 (Digital Omnibus) CJ72-AM-791073 CJ727
27 Jul 2026Amending Regulations (EU) 2016/679, (EU) 2018/1724, (EU) 2018/1725, (EU) 2023/2854 and Directives 2002/58/EC, (EU) 2022/2555 and (EU) 2022/2557 as regards the simplification of the digital legislative framework, and repealing Regulations (EU) 2018/1807, (EU) 2019/1150, (EU) 2022/868, and Directive (EU) 2019/1024 (Digital Omnibus) CJ72-AM-791874 CJ721

Show all 107 amendment documents

Connections

Dossiers they lead or shadow, committees, party, delegation and other related pages.

Political group

National delegation

  • Delegation Germany National delegation

Sources & citation

Where the facts on this page come from, and how to cite it.

Data source
Licensed CC BY 4.0.
Data version
data version 5a7357168c2a (28 Sept 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1 · methods
Retrieved
28 September 2026

Cite as

EU Parl Watch Research (2026). “Christian EHLER”. Member record. memberId 28226. EU Parl Watch Research. https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/28226?page=114&scope=final&vscope=all (retrieved 28 September 2026). Official source: Member’s profile, European Parliament, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/28226. Data: EP Open Data: member record, https://data.europarl.europa.eu/api/v2/meps/28226?format=application%2Fld%2Bjson (CC BY 4.0); data version 5a7357168c2a (28 Sept 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1.
BibTeX
@misc{epw-member-28226,
  author = {{EU Parl Watch Research}},
  title = {{Christian EHLER}},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/28226?page=114&scope=final&vscope=all}},
  url = {https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/28226?page=114&scope=final&vscope=all},
  urldate = {2026-09-28},
  publisher = {EU Parl Watch Research},
  note = {Member record. memberId 28226. Official source: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/28226. Data: EP Open Data: member record (CC BY 4.0); data version 5a7357168c2a (28 Sept 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1}
}