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Member

Emma RAFOWICZ

S&D · France

Group
S&D
Country
France
Roll-call participation
68.0 %ⓘ of 2 891 roll calls in office · chamber median 91.2 % · 2025, roll calls
With majority line
95.8 %ⓘ of 1 964 votes where the group had a line · S&D median 96.5 %
More facts (5)
National party
PS Parti socialiste
In office
Since 16 Jul 2024
Against clear line
76 of 1 952 votesⓘ
Committees
CULT (vice-chair), FEMM, LIBE (substitute)
Member id
256902
More

Record

The member’s figures against the median of their group and of the chamber. Each vote counts the member in the group they belonged to that day.

Roll-call participation ⓘ

68.0 %

1 965 of 2 891 roll calls while in office

S&D median: 90.0 % (−22.1 pts)

Chamber median: 91.2 %

With majority line ⓘ

95.8 %

1 881 of 1 964 votes where their group had a line

S&D median: 96.5 % (−0.7 pts)

Against clear line ⓘ

3.9 %

76 of 1 952 votes where their group had a clear line

47 opposite (for ↔ against), 24 abstained against the line, 5 voted for or against when the line was to abstain

Abstention ⓘ

2.7 %

54 of 1 965 votes cast

Participation 68.0 % — S&D median 90.0 %, 136 members.ⓘ
Data as a table
Participation among the 136 members of the S&D with enough votes.
FigureParticipation
Emma RAFOWICZ68.0 %
S&D median90.0 %
Lowest in the group54.5 %
Highest in the group99.7 %
Members136
With majority line 95.8 % — S&D median 96.5 %, 136 members.ⓘ
Data as a table
With majority line among the 136 members of the S&D with enough votes.
FigureWith majority line
Emma RAFOWICZ95.8 %
S&D median96.5 %
Lowest in the group80.8 %
Highest in the group99.5 %
Members136
  • 2025, 2 891 roll-call votes. The dots are the other members of S&D; no ranks.
  • “No vote recorded” is not the same as absent: leave, illness and chairing the sitting look the same.
  • A group’s line is inferred from its members’ votes — Parliament publishes no whip.

Votes, 5 928

Export

Every roll-call vote of the term with the member’s position, newest first.

Result: for–against–abstained. Majority line: how most of the member’s group voted that day (“Tie” when no position won). ≠ group marks a vote otherwise than a clear line (at least two thirds, with at least 10 members voting) of their group.
DateDecision and voteResultPositionMajority line
20 May 2026Rule of law, fundamental rights and misuse of EU funds in Slovakia: the need for an EU response Amendment 13, adding text after paragraph 14 204 for, 432 against, 8 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
20 May 2026Rule of law, fundamental rights and misuse of EU funds in Slovakia: the need for an EU response Paragraph 11 — part 1 474 for, 73 against, 91 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026Rule of law, fundamental rights and misuse of EU funds in Slovakia: the need for an EU response Separate vote on paragraph 6 418 for, 210 against, 9 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026Rule of law, fundamental rights and misuse of EU funds in Slovakia: the need for an EU response Amendment 3 to paragraph 4 189 for, 440 against, 10 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
20 May 2026Rule of law, fundamental rights and misuse of EU funds in Slovakia: the need for an EU response Separate vote on paragraph 2 435 for, 190 against, 16 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: For
20 May 2026Rule of law, fundamental rights and misuse of EU funds in Slovakia: the need for an EU response Amendment 12, adding text after paragraph 1 193 for, 431 against, 8 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
20 May 2026Rule of law, fundamental rights and misuse of EU funds in Slovakia: the need for an EU response Amendment 2 to paragraph 1 192 for, 451 against, 4 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
20 May 2026Opportunities and challenges presented by a comprehensive artificial intelligence strategy for EU trade Final vote on the motion for a resolutionAdopted 527 for, 62 against, 59 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Final vote — text as a wholeAdopted 369 for, 160 against, 112 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Amendment 41, adding text after recital P 225 for, 396 against, 17 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Amendment 3 to recital M 114 for, 494 against, 40 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Recital G — part 2 470 for, 112 against, 63 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Amendment 29, adding text after recital F 291 for, 303 against, 50 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Amendment 9 to recital C 143 for, 452 against, 55 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Citation 5 — part 2 467 for, 151 against, 32 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Paragraph 1, point aq — part 2 455 for, 152 against, 39 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Amendment 65 to paragraph 1, point ap 327 for, 264 against, 55 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Amendment 28 to paragraph 1, point ap 320 for, 293 against, 19 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: For
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Paragraph 1, point al — part 5 465 for, 139 against, 27 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Paragraph 1, point al — part 3 474 for, 136 against, 27 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Paragraph 1, point al — part 2 515 for, 112 against, 19 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Amendment 63 to paragraph 1, after point aj 201 for, 411 against, 29 abstainedPosition: Abstained ≠ groupMajority line: For
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Amendments 27 + 39 (voted as one) to paragraph 1, after point ag 338 for, 285 against, 18 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Amendment 26 to paragraph 1, point ag 199 for, 404 against, 31 abstainedPosition: For ≠ groupMajority line: Against
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Amendments 25 + 38 (voted as one) to paragraph 1, after point af 342 for, 279 against, 14 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Paragraph 1, point af — part 2 482 for, 132 against, 9 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Paragraph 1, point af — part 1 622 for, 5 against, 6 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Amendment 24 to paragraph 1, point af 185 for, 441 against, 12 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Amendment 35 to paragraph 1, point ae 415 for, 206 against, 20 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Amendments 23 + 37 (voted as one) to paragraph 1, after point ad 235 for, 398 against, 10 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Amendment 34 to paragraph 1, point ad 308 for, 313 against, 23 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Amendments 22 + 36 (voted as one) to paragraph 1, point ad 210 for, 417 against, 21 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Amendment 33 to paragraph 1, point ac 461 for, 94 against, 77 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Amendment 59 to paragraph 1, after point ab 156 for, 474 against, 15 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Amendment 57 to paragraph 1, after point ab 200 for, 388 against, 41 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: For
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Amendment 56 to paragraph 1, after point ab 148 for, 466 against, 22 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: Against
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Amendment 55 to paragraph 1, after point ab 206 for, 391 against, 21 abstainedPosition: Abstained ≠ groupMajority line: For
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Amendment 54 to paragraph 1, point ab 199 for, 399 against, 22 abstainedPosition: No vote recorded Majority line: For
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Amendment 53 to paragraph 1, after point aa 379 for, 181 against, 78 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Amendment 32 to paragraph 1, after point aa 347 for, 205 against, 86 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Amendment 52 to paragraph 1, point aa 138 for, 391 against, 107 abstainedPosition: Abstained Majority line: Abstained
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Amendment 31 to paragraph 1, point aa 284 for, 288 against, 70 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Paragraph 1, point v — part 2 417 for, 177 against, 51 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Amendment 2 to paragraph 1, point v 189 for, 444 against, 10 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Amendment 7 to paragraph 1, after point r 184 for, 448 against, 15 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Amendment 17 to paragraph 1, after point o 205 for, 437 against, 4 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Separate vote on paragraph 1, point o 409 for, 227 against, 11 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Amendment 16 to paragraph 1, point o 148 for, 475 against, 22 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Amendment 1 to paragraph 1, point o 202 for, 432 against, 10 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
20 May 2026Recommendation on the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly Paragraph 1, point n — part 4 432 for, 178 against, 21 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For

Show all 50 votes on this page

Roll-call participation

One cell per sitting while in office, shaded by the share of that day’s roll calls the member voted in. The official attendance register is kept separately by Parliament.

No vote recorded on 20 of 51 sittings with roll calls.

"No vote recorded" is not the same as absent: leave, illness and chairing the sitting look the same.

Data as a table

Voting neighbours

Members who voted the same way most often in the roll calls they both took part in, within and outside the member’s group (group at the date of each vote), over all roll calls of the term.

At least 200 shared roll calls over at least six months in office together. Within = both sat in the same group on the date of the vote; a member who changed group can appear on both lists. Baseline = the median agreement of all pairs of members of the groups the two sat in on the date of each shared vote (within: the group they shared; outside: the two groups), weighted by the votes they shared in each combination.

Within S&D

Agreement: roll calls where both cast the same position, of the roll calls both voted in while in the same group (“shared”); a count below 50 shared. Baseline: the median agreement of every pair of members of that group.
SelectMemberGroupCountryAgreementBaseline
Raphaël GLUCKSMANN S&DFrance99 % of 3 881 shared93 %
Christophe CLERGEAU S&DFrance99 % of 3 523 shared93 %
Murielle LAURENT S&DFrance99 % of 3 923 shared93 %
Eric SARGIACOMO S&DFrance99 % of 3 993 shared93 %
Aurore LALUCQ S&DFrance99 % of 3 457 shared93 %
Thomas PELLERIN-CARLIN S&DFrance99 % of 4 113 shared93 %
Pierre JOUVET S&DFrance99 % of 3 790 shared93 %
Nora MEBAREK S&DFrance98 % of 3 843 shared93 %
Claire FITA S&DFrance98 % of 3 368 shared93 %
Chloé RIDEL S&DFrance98 % of 2 866 shared93 %

Show all 10 neighbours

Outside the group

Agreement: roll calls where both cast the same position, of the roll calls both voted in while in different groups (“shared”); a count below 50 shared. Baseline: the median agreement of every pair of members of the groups the two sat in on those votes (groups at the date, weighted by the votes shared in each combination).
SelectMemberGroupCountryAgreementBaseline
Terry REINTKE GreensGermany88 % of 3 793 shared83 %
Jana TOOM RenewEstonia88 % of 3 541 shared86 %
Catarina VIEIRA GreensNetherlands88 % of 4 073 shared83 %
Kim VAN SPARRENTAK GreensNetherlands88 % of 3 797 shared83 %
Nicolae ȘTEFĂNUȚĂ GreensRomania87 % of 2 622 shared83 %
Maria OHISALO GreensFinland87 % of 3 582 shared83 %
Vladimir PREBILIČ GreensSlovenia87 % of 3 682 shared83 %
Martin HÄUSLING GreensGermany87 % of 4 042 shared83 %
Tineke STRIK GreensNetherlands87 % of 3 976 shared83 %
Kai TEGETHOFF GreensGermany87 % of 3 626 shared83 %

Show all 10 neighbours

Work

Seats in committees, delegations and intergroups, and the dossiers the member leads, shadows or negotiates.

Seats

Body: the committee, delegation or intergroup, with its kind. Role: the member’s role in it. From, To: the dates of the seat (“now” while it lasts).
BodyRoleFromTo
Committee on Culture and EducationCULT CommitteeVice-chair23 Jul 2024now
Committee on Women’s Rights and Gender EqualityFEMM CommitteeMember19 Jul 2024now
Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home AffairsLIBE CommitteeSubstitute19 Jul 2024now
Delegation to the EU-UK Parliamentary Partnership AssemblyD-UK Joint parliamentary committeeSubstitute19 Sept 2024now
Delegation for relations with IndiaD-IN DelegationMember19 Sept 2024now
Intergroup on Anti-CorruptionIG10-01 Intergroup / working groupMember16 Jan 2025now
Intergroup on Children’s RightsIG10-06 Intergroup / working groupMember19 Feb 2025now
Intergroup on LGBTIQ+IG10-16 Intergroup / working groupMember22 Sept 2025now
Intergroup on Seas, Rivers, Islands and Coastal Areas (SEARICA)IG10-20 Intergroup / working groupMember4 Feb 2025now
Intergroup on Sky and SpaceIG10-21 Intergroup / working groupMember27 Feb 2025now

Show all 11 seats

Dossiers

Dossier: the procedure the declaration names (“No dossier named” for a delegation without one). Role: rapporteur, shadow rapporteur, negotiator or delegation. Committee: the committee that appointed them. Date: of the declaration.
DossierRoleCommitteeDate
Chemical submission: addressing its consequences on women's rights and safety in the EURapporteurFEMM16 Sept 2026
Amending Regulations (EU) 2024/1689 and (EU) 2018/1139 as regards the simplification of the implementation of harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Digital Omnibus on AI)Opinion rapporteurCULT3 Mar 2026
Establishing the 'AgoraEU' programme for the period 2028-2034, and repealing Regulations (EU) 2021/692 and (EU) 2021/818RapporteurCULT27 Oct 2025
No dossier namedOfficial delegationLIBE24 Sept 2025
No dossier namedOfficial delegationFEMM2 Sept 2025
Advancing towards a care society: addressing the gender care gapShadow rapporteurFEMM24 Feb 2025
No dossier namedShadow rapporteur for an opinionFEMM24 Feb 2025
Standing Rapporteur for Creative Europe programme (MFF 2028–2034)RapporteurCULT5 Feb 2025
Mission culturelle à Badischl en Autriche de la commission CULT. Date du 28 au 30 octobre 2024Official delegation25 Oct 2024
No dossier namedCommittee vice-chairCULT22 Jul 2024

Show all 10 dossier roles

Topics they work on (model-assigned)

Counts: dossiers they spoke on, led or amended, and their questions and motions.

In the chamber

Speeches and statements in plenary debates, newest first; the verbatim report is on Parliament’s site.

15 contributions recorded; 1 on behalf of their group; 20 minutes of speaking time.

Date: the sitting. Debate: the item debated, and the group when they spoke on its behalf. Kind: speech or written statement, with speaking time. Verbatim: the verbatim report on Parliament’s site.
DateDebateKindVerbatim
15 Jun 2026Simplification of the implementation of harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Digital Omnibus on AI) (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
27 Apr 2026Importance of consent-based rape legislation in the EU (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
12 Feb 2026Recommendation to the Council on EU priorities for the 70th session of the UN Commission on the Status of Women (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
12 Feb 2026Recommendation to the Council on EU priorities for the 70th session of the UN Commission on the Status of Women (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
21 Jan 2026Attempted takeover of Lithuania’s public broadcaster and the threat to democracy in Lithuania (debate) Speech · 2 minRead
21 Jan 2026Presentation of the Digital Networks Act (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
20 Jan 2026Tackling AI deepfakes and sexual exploitation on social media by making full use of the EU’s digital rules (debate) Speech · 1 minRead
17 Dec 2025The urgent need to combat discrimination in the EU through the horizontal anti-discrimination directive (topical debate) Speech · 1 minRead
16 Dec 2025European Citizens’ Initiative ‘My voice, my choice: for safe and accessible abortion’ (debate) Speech · 2 minRead
2 Apr 2025Threat to freedom of expression in Algeria: the five-year prison sentence of French writer Boualem Sansal (debate) on behalf of S&DSpeech · 2 minRead

Show all 15 recent contributions

Questions and motions, 46

Parliamentary questions and motions for resolutions the member authored or co-signed, newest first.

Date: tabled. Title: the question or motion, with its id. Kind: written question or motion for a resolution, with the number of co-authors. Answer: the date of the answer to a question.
DateTitleKindAnswer
13 Sept 2026Repeated ban on Oradea Pride and compliance with fundamental rights in the use of EU funds E-10-2026-003648Written questionwith 17 co-authorsNot yet answered
8 Sept 2026Chatbots directing women with unwanted pregnancies to anti-abortion websites E-10-2026-003539Written questionwith 67 co-authorsNot yet answered
2 Sept 2026Protecting workers from extreme heatwaves E-10-2026-003456Written questionwith 8 co-authorsNot yet answered
20 Jul 2026EU-funded Latvian sexuality-education project – non-discrimination compliance and risk of further replication E-10-2026-003056Written questionwith 5 co-authorsNot yet answered
15 Jul 2026Update by the Commission of its guidelines on tackling online disinformation during electoral processes E-10-2026-002950Written questionwith 31 co-authors11 Sept 2026
14 Jul 2026Preserving EU capacities to produce paper pulp and cellulose fibres – state of affairs at Fibre Excellence P-10-2026-002901Priority written questionwith 12 co-authors12 Aug 2026
8 Jul 2026European funds allocated to fighting period poverty E-10-2026-002822Written questionwith 36 co-authorsNot yet answered
1 Jul 2026PROPOSAL FOR A DECISION requesting the Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations to verify whether Europe of Sovereign Nations Party complies with the conditions laid down in Article 3(1), points (d) and (e), of Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2025/2445 B-10-2026-0338Motion for a resolutionwith 246 co-authors—
30 Jun 2026Follow-up to question for written answer E-001083/2025 on menstrual products: transparency and health risks E-10-2026-002698Written questionwith 43 co-authors18 Sept 2026
17 Jun 2026Dynamic pricing for major sporting and cultural events E-10-2026-002518Written questionwith 35 co-authors15 Sept 2026

Show all 46 questions and motions

Amendments tabled in committee, 67

Committee amendment documents that carry amendments by the member, with how many are theirs.

Date: of the amendment document. Text amended: the dossier and the document’s id. Committee: where the amendments were tabled. Amendments: how many in the document are the member’s.
DateText amendedCommitteeAmendments
16 Jul 2026Digital networks, amending Regulation (EU) 2015/2120, Directive 2002/58/EC and Decision No 676/2002/EC and repealing Regulation (EU) 2018/1971, Directive (EU) 2018/1972 and Decision No 243/2012/EU (Digital Networks Act) IMCO-AM-791044 IMCO1
16 Jul 2026Digital networks, amending Regulation (EU) 2015/2120, Directive 2002/58/EC and Decision No 676/2002/EC and repealing Regulation (EU) 2018/1971, Directive (EU) 2018/1972 and Decision No 243/2012/EU (Digital Networks Act) IMCO-AM-791043 IMCO2
16 Jul 2026Digital networks, amending Regulation (EU) 2015/2120, Directive 2002/58/EC and Decision No 676/2002/EC and repealing Regulation (EU) 2018/1971, Directive (EU) 2018/1972 and Decision No 243/2012/EU (Digital Networks Act) IMCO-AM-791040 IMCO2
16 Jul 2026Digital networks, amending Regulation (EU) 2015/2120, Directive 2002/58/EC and Decision No 676/2002/EC and repealing Regulation (EU) 2018/1971, Directive (EU) 2018/1972 and Decision No 243/2012/EU (Digital Networks Act) IMCO-AM-791041 IMCO3
1 Jul 2026Digital networks, amending Regulation (EU) 2015/2120, Directive 2002/58/EC and Decision No 676/2002/EC and repealing Regulation (EU) 2018/1971, Directive (EU) 2018/1972 and Decision No 243/2012/EU (Digital Networks Act) LIBE-AM-790741 LIBE26
19 Jun 2026Establishing the 'AgoraEU' programme for the period 2028-2034, and repealing Regulations (EU) 2021/692 and (EU) 2021/818 CJ65-AM-790057 CJ657
19 Jun 2026on the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing the ‘AgoraEU’ programme for the period 2028-2034, and repealing Regulations (EU) 2021/692 and (EU) 2021/818 CJ65-AM-790063 CJ653
19 Jun 2026Establishing the 'AgoraEU' programme for the period 2028-2034, and repealing Regulations (EU) 2021/692 and (EU) 2021/818 CJ65-AM-790062 CJ659
19 Jun 2026Establishing the 'AgoraEU' programme for the period 2028-2034, and repealing Regulations (EU) 2021/692 and (EU) 2021/818 CJ65-AM-790058 CJ657
19 Jun 2026Establishing the 'AgoraEU' programme for the period 2028-2034, and repealing Regulations (EU) 2021/692 and (EU) 2021/818 CJ65-AM-790059 CJ658

Show all 67 amendment documents

Connections

Dossiers they lead or shadow, committees, party, delegation and other related pages.

Political group

National delegation

  • Delegation France National delegation

Sources & citation

Where the facts on this page come from, and how to cite it.

Data source
Licensed CC BY 4.0.
Data version
data version 772c7b2d0380 (30 Sept 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1 · methods
Retrieved
30 September 2026

Cite as

EU Parl Watch Research (2026). “Emma RAFOWICZ”. Member record. memberId 256902. EU Parl Watch Research. https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/256902?page=21&period=2025&vscope=all (retrieved 30 September 2026). Official source: Member’s profile, European Parliament, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/256902. Data: EP Open Data: member record, https://data.europarl.europa.eu/api/v2/meps/256902?format=application%2Fld%2Bjson (CC BY 4.0); data version 772c7b2d0380 (30 Sept 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1.
BibTeX
@misc{epw-member-256902,
  author = {{EU Parl Watch Research}},
  title = {{Emma RAFOWICZ}},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/256902?page=21&period=2025&vscope=all}},
  url = {https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/256902?page=21&period=2025&vscope=all},
  urldate = {2026-09-30},
  publisher = {EU Parl Watch Research},
  note = {Member record. memberId 256902. Official source: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/256902. Data: EP Open Data: member record (CC BY 4.0); data version 772c7b2d0380 (30 Sept 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1}
}