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Member

Bruno TOBBACK

S&D · Belgium

Group
S&D
Country
Belgium
Roll-call participation
94.0 %ⓘ of 620 roll calls in office · chamber median 90.6 % · whole term, final votes
With majority line
99.0 %ⓘ of 583 votes where the group had a line · S&D median 97.1 %
More facts (5)
National party
Vooruit
In office
Since 16 Jul 2024
Against clear line
3 of 576 votesⓘ
Committees
ENVI (substitute), ITRE
Member id
256885
More

Record

The member’s figures against the median of their group and of the chamber. Each vote counts the member in the group they belonged to that day.

Roll-call participation ⓘ

94.0 %

583 of 620 final votes while in office

S&D median: 89.5 % (+4.5 pts)

Chamber median: 90.6 %

With majority line ⓘ

99.0 %

577 of 583 votes where their group had a line

S&D median: 97.1 % (+1.9 pts)

Against clear line ⓘ

0.5 %

3 of 576 votes where their group had a clear line

2 opposite (for ↔ against), 1 abstained against the line

Abstention ⓘ

1.0 %

6 of 583 votes cast

Participation 94.0 % — S&D median 89.5 %, 137 members.ⓘ
Data as a table
Participation among the 137 members of the S&D with enough votes.
FigureParticipation
Bruno TOBBACK94.0 %
S&D median89.5 %
Lowest in the group48.1 %
Highest in the group99.8 %
Members137
With majority line 99.0 % — S&D median 97.1 %, 137 members.ⓘ
Data as a table
With majority line among the 137 members of the S&D with enough votes.
FigureWith majority line
Bruno TOBBACK99.0 %
S&D median97.1 %
Lowest in the group86.7 %
Highest in the group99.8 %
Members137
  • Whole term, 620 final votes; 620 of 794 decisions had a final vote recorded by name. The dots are the other members of S&D; no ranks.
  • “No vote recorded” is not the same as absent: leave, illness and chairing the sitting look the same.
  • A group’s line is inferred from its members’ votes — Parliament publishes no whip.

Votes, 5 928

Export

Every roll-call vote of the term with the member’s position, newest first.

Result: for–against–abstained. Majority line: how most of the member’s group voted that day (“Tie” when no position won). ≠ group marks a vote otherwise than a clear line (at least two thirds, with at least 10 members voting) of their group.
DateDecision and voteResultPositionMajority line
17 Dec 2024Regional Emergency Support: RESTORE Final votePassed 638 for, 10 against, 5 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
17 Dec 2024Specific measures under the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) for Member States affected by natural disasters Final votePassed 644 for, 6 against, 3 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
17 Dec 2024Deforestation Regulation: provisions relating to the date of application Final vote on the provisional agreementPassed 546 for, 97 against, 7 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024Recommendation on smoke- and aerosol-free environments Paragraph 2 — part 2 184 for, 245 against, 50 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
28 Nov 2024Recommendation on smoke- and aerosol-free environments Paragraph 2 — part 1 222 for, 204 against, 23 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
28 Nov 2024Recommendation on smoke- and aerosol-free environments Final vote — text as a wholeRejected 152 for, 378 against, 26 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
28 Nov 2024Recommendation on smoke- and aerosol-free environments Recital R — part 2 409 for, 142 against, 16 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024Recommendation on smoke- and aerosol-free environments Separate vote on recital P 407 for, 110 against, 51 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024Recommendation on smoke- and aerosol-free environments Amendment 12, adding text after recital H 263 for, 277 against, 21 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
28 Nov 2024Recommendation on smoke- and aerosol-free environments Amendment 19 to paragraph 12 268 for, 270 against, 35 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
28 Nov 2024Recommendation on smoke- and aerosol-free environments Amendment 18 to paragraph 7 191 for, 369 against, 12 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
28 Nov 2024Recommendation on smoke- and aerosol-free environments Paragraph 6 — part 2 194 for, 348 against, 31 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024Recommendation on smoke- and aerosol-free environments Paragraph 6 — part 1 368 for, 133 against, 64 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024Recommendation on smoke- and aerosol-free environments Amendment 21 to paragraph 6 158 for, 403 against, 17 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
28 Nov 2024Recommendation on smoke- and aerosol-free environments Amendment 17 to paragraph 6 253 for, 298 against, 23 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
28 Nov 2024Recommendation on smoke- and aerosol-free environments Amendment 16 to paragraph 5 — part 2 149 for, 403 against, 26 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
28 Nov 2024Recommendation on smoke- and aerosol-free environments Amendment 16 to paragraph 5 — part 1 286 for, 280 against, 18 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
28 Nov 2024Recommendation on smoke- and aerosol-free environments Amendment 11, adding text after paragraph 4 291 for, 259 against, 32 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
28 Nov 2024Recommendation on smoke- and aerosol-free environments Amendment 15 to paragraph 4 289 for, 266 against, 19 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
28 Nov 2024Recommendation on smoke- and aerosol-free environments Amendment 10 to paragraph 2 350 for, 222 against, 8 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
28 Nov 2024Recommendation on smoke- and aerosol-free environments Amendment 20, adding text after paragraph 1 171 for, 396 against, 10 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
28 Nov 2024Recommendation on smoke- and aerosol-free environments Amendment 13, adding text after paragraph 1 241 for, 297 against, 25 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
28 Nov 2024Reinforcing EU’s unwavering support to Ukraine against Russia’s war of aggression and the increasing military cooperation between North Korea and Russia Final vote — text as a wholeAdopted 390 for, 135 against, 52 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024Reinforcing EU’s unwavering support to Ukraine against Russia’s war of aggression and the increasing military cooperation between North Korea and Russia Amendment 2, adding text after recital T 97 for, 456 against, 33 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
28 Nov 2024Reinforcing EU’s unwavering support to Ukraine against Russia’s war of aggression and the increasing military cooperation between North Korea and Russia Amendment 1, adding text after recital T 166 for, 382 against, 41 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
28 Nov 2024Reinforcing EU’s unwavering support to Ukraine against Russia’s war of aggression and the increasing military cooperation between North Korea and Russia Separate vote on recital N 412 for, 80 against, 97 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024Reinforcing EU’s unwavering support to Ukraine against Russia’s war of aggression and the increasing military cooperation between North Korea and Russia Amendment 7, adding text after paragraph 19 71 for, 490 against, 37 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
28 Nov 2024Reinforcing EU’s unwavering support to Ukraine against Russia’s war of aggression and the increasing military cooperation between North Korea and Russia Amendment 6, adding text after paragraph 19 171 for, 404 against, 24 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
28 Nov 2024Reinforcing EU’s unwavering support to Ukraine against Russia’s war of aggression and the increasing military cooperation between North Korea and Russia Paragraph 19 — part 4 377 for, 161 against, 52 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024Reinforcing EU’s unwavering support to Ukraine against Russia’s war of aggression and the increasing military cooperation between North Korea and Russia Paragraph 19 — part 3 370 for, 170 against, 49 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024Reinforcing EU’s unwavering support to Ukraine against Russia’s war of aggression and the increasing military cooperation between North Korea and Russia Paragraph 19 — part 2 383 for, 128 against, 78 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024Reinforcing EU’s unwavering support to Ukraine against Russia’s war of aggression and the increasing military cooperation between North Korea and Russia Paragraph 19 — part 1 371 for, 156 against, 69 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024Reinforcing EU’s unwavering support to Ukraine against Russia’s war of aggression and the increasing military cooperation between North Korea and Russia Paragraph 17 — part 2 464 for, 74 against, 54 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024Reinforcing EU’s unwavering support to Ukraine against Russia’s war of aggression and the increasing military cooperation between North Korea and Russia Paragraph 16 — part 2 419 for, 138 against, 32 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024Reinforcing EU’s unwavering support to Ukraine against Russia’s war of aggression and the increasing military cooperation between North Korea and Russia Amendment 12 to paragraph 14 435 for, 121 against, 41 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024Reinforcing EU’s unwavering support to Ukraine against Russia’s war of aggression and the increasing military cooperation between North Korea and Russia Amendment 5, adding text after paragraph 13 158 for, 390 against, 51 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
28 Nov 2024Reinforcing EU’s unwavering support to Ukraine against Russia’s war of aggression and the increasing military cooperation between North Korea and Russia Paragraph 13 — part 5 354 for, 178 against, 63 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
28 Nov 2024Reinforcing EU’s unwavering support to Ukraine against Russia’s war of aggression and the increasing military cooperation between North Korea and Russia Paragraph 13 — part 4 462 for, 92 against, 38 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024Reinforcing EU’s unwavering support to Ukraine against Russia’s war of aggression and the increasing military cooperation between North Korea and Russia Paragraph 13 — part 3 304 for, 229 against, 51 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
28 Nov 2024Reinforcing EU’s unwavering support to Ukraine against Russia’s war of aggression and the increasing military cooperation between North Korea and Russia Paragraph 13 — part 2 380 for, 160 against, 52 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024Reinforcing EU’s unwavering support to Ukraine against Russia’s war of aggression and the increasing military cooperation between North Korea and Russia Paragraph 13 — part 1 415 for, 98 against, 85 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024Reinforcing EU’s unwavering support to Ukraine against Russia’s war of aggression and the increasing military cooperation between North Korea and Russia Amendment 10, adding text after paragraph 11 82 for, 435 against, 57 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
28 Nov 2024Reinforcing EU’s unwavering support to Ukraine against Russia’s war of aggression and the increasing military cooperation between North Korea and Russia Amendment 9, adding text after paragraph 5 115 for, 439 against, 29 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
28 Nov 2024Reinforcing EU’s unwavering support to Ukraine against Russia’s war of aggression and the increasing military cooperation between North Korea and Russia Paragraph 5 — part 2 323 for, 184 against, 95 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
28 Nov 2024Reinforcing EU’s unwavering support to Ukraine against Russia’s war of aggression and the increasing military cooperation between North Korea and Russia Paragraph 4 — part 2 443 for, 73 against, 70 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024Reinforcing EU’s unwavering support to Ukraine against Russia’s war of aggression and the increasing military cooperation between North Korea and Russia Amendment 8, adding text after paragraph 4 135 for, 412 against, 58 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
28 Nov 2024Reinforcing EU’s unwavering support to Ukraine against Russia’s war of aggression and the increasing military cooperation between North Korea and Russia Amendment 4, adding text after paragraph 2 128 for, 411 against, 64 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
28 Nov 2024Reinforcing EU’s unwavering support to Ukraine against Russia’s war of aggression and the increasing military cooperation between North Korea and Russia Amendment 3, adding text after paragraph 2 139 for, 431 against, 34 abstainedPosition: Against Majority line: Against
28 Nov 2024Georgia's worsening democratic crisis following the recent parliamentary elections and alleged electoral fraud Final vote — text as a wholeAdopted 444 for, 72 against, 82 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For
28 Nov 2024Georgia's worsening democratic crisis following the recent parliamentary elections and alleged electoral fraud Recital F — part 2 412 for, 120 against, 68 abstainedPosition: For Majority line: For

Show all 50 votes on this page

Roll-call participation

One cell per sitting while in office, shaded by the share of that day’s roll calls the member voted in. The official attendance register is kept separately by Parliament.

No vote recorded on 6 of 80 sittings with roll calls.

"No vote recorded" is not the same as absent: leave, illness and chairing the sitting look the same.

Data as a table

Voting neighbours

Members who voted the same way most often in the roll calls they both took part in, within and outside the member’s group (group at the date of each vote), over all roll calls of the term.

At least 200 shared roll calls over at least six months in office together. Within = both sat in the same group on the date of the vote; a member who changed group can appear on both lists. Baseline = the median agreement of all pairs of members of the groups the two sat in on the date of each shared vote (within: the group they shared; outside: the two groups), weighted by the votes they shared in each combination.

Within S&D

Agreement: roll calls where both cast the same position, of the roll calls both voted in while in the same group (“shared”); a count below 50 shared. Baseline: the median agreement of every pair of members of that group.
SelectMemberGroupCountryAgreementBaseline
Kathleen VAN BREMPT S&DBelgium99 % of 5 268 shared93 %
Iratxe GARCÍA PÉREZ S&DSpain98 % of 5 203 shared93 %
Isilda GOMES S&DPortugal98 % of 5 165 shared93 %
Camilla LAURETI S&DItaly98 % of 5 503 shared93 %
Sérgio GONÇALVES S&DPortugal97 % of 5 487 shared93 %
Gabriele BISCHOFF S&DGermany97 % of 5 446 shared93 %
Carla TAVARES S&DPortugal97 % of 5 191 shared93 %
Bernd LANGE S&DGermany97 % of 5 093 shared93 %
André FRANQUEIRA RODRIGUES S&DPortugal97 % of 4 984 shared93 %
Udo BULLMANN S&DGermany97 % of 4 751 shared93 %

Show all 10 neighbours

Outside the group

Agreement: roll calls where both cast the same position, of the roll calls both voted in while in different groups (“shared”); a count below 50 shared. Baseline: the median agreement of every pair of members of the groups the two sat in on those votes (groups at the date, weighted by the votes shared in each combination).
SelectMemberGroupCountryAgreementBaseline
Yvan VEROUGSTRAETE RenewBelgium90 % of 4 158 shared86 %
Ľudovít ÓDOR RenewSlovakia90 % of 5 270 shared86 %
Elisabetta GUALMINI changed group RenewItaly90 % of 1 763 shared86 %
Martin HOJSÍK RenewSlovakia89 % of 5 257 shared86 %
Gerben-Jan GERBRANDY RenewNetherlands89 % of 5 556 shared86 %
Jana TOOM RenewEstonia89 % of 4 814 shared86 %
Lucia YAR RenewSlovakia89 % of 5 576 shared86 %
Raquel GARCÍA HERMIDA-VAN DER WALLE RenewNetherlands89 % of 5 622 shared86 %
Pascal CANFIN RenewFrance89 % of 5 168 shared86 %
Bernard GUETTA RenewFrance89 % of 4 983 shared86 %

Show all 10 neighbours

Work

Seats in committees, delegations and intergroups, and the dossiers the member leads, shadows or negotiates.

Seats

Body: the committee, delegation or intergroup, with its kind. Role: the member’s role in it. From, To: the dates of the seat (“now” while it lasts).
BodyRoleFromTo
Committee on the Environment, Climate and Food SafetyENVI CommitteeSubstitute20 Jan 2025now
Committee on Industry, Research and EnergyITRE CommitteeMember19 Jul 2024now
Delegation for relations with CanadaD-CA DelegationMember19 Sept 2024now
Delegation for Northern cooperation and for relations with Switzerland and Norway and to the EU-Iceland Joint Parliamentary Committee and the European Economic Area (EEA) Joint Parliamentary CommitteeDEEA DelegationSubstitute19 Sept 2024now
Intergroup on Attracting Investment to Ensure a Competitive and Sustainable European UnionIG10-03 Intergroup / working groupMember31 Jan 2025now
Intergroup on the Future of Education and Skills for a Competitive EuropeIG10-14 Intergroup / working groupMember29 Jan 2025now
Intergroup on Seas, Rivers, Islands and Coastal Areas (SEARICA)IG10-20 Intergroup / working groupMember4 Feb 2025now
Intergroup on the Social Economy and Services of General InterestIG10-23 Intergroup / working groupMember30 Jan 2025now
Intergroup on Trade UnionsIG10-24 Intergroup / working groupMember31 Jan 2025now
Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food SafetyENVI CommitteeSubstitute19 Jul 202419 Jan 2025

Show all 10 seats

Dossiers

Dossier: the procedure the declaration names (“No dossier named” for a delegation without one). Role: rapporteur, shadow rapporteur, negotiator or delegation. Committee: the committee that appointed them. Date: of the declaration.
DossierRoleCommitteeDate
EU Emissions Trading System and market stability reserve: competitiveness and cost-effective decarbonisationShadow rapporteur for an opinionITRE14 Sept 2026
Guidelines for trans-European energy infrastructure, amending Regulations (EU) 2019/942, (EU) 2019/943 and (EU) 2024/1789 and repealing Regulation (EU) 2022/869Shadow rapporteur for an opinionENVI23 Mar 2026
Amending Regulation (EU) 2024/1252Shadow rapporteur for an opinionENVI17 Mar 2026
EU-Canada interparliamentary meeting in Ottawa and Halifax on 27 – 29 October 2025.Official delegationD-CA14 Oct 2025
No dossier namedOfficial delegationITRE10 Jul 2025
No dossier namedOfficial delegationENVI19 Mar 2025
Own initiative report: 'Electricity grids: the backbone of the EU energy system'Shadow rapporteurITRE8 Jan 2025

Show all 7 dossier roles

Topics they work on (model-assigned)

Counts: dossiers they spoke on, led or amended, and their questions and motions.

In the chamber

Speeches and statements in plenary debates, newest first; the verbatim report is on Parliament’s site.

15 contributions recorded, 1 written statement; 1 on behalf of their group; 18 minutes of speaking time.

Show all 15 recent contributions

Questions and motions, 31

Parliamentary questions and motions for resolutions the member authored or co-signed, newest first.

Date: tabled. Title: the question or motion, with its id. Kind: written question or motion for a resolution, with the number of co-authors. Answer: the date of the answer to a question.
DateTitleKindAnswer
15 Sept 2026National implementation of the Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation creating barriers within the single market E-10-2026-003681Written questionNot yet answered
14 Sept 2026Circular Economy Act: regulatory barriers to secondary raw materials E-10-2026-003654Written questionwith 29 co-authorsNot yet answered
10 Sept 2026EU exports of banned pesticides E-10-2026-003605Written questionwith 35 co-authorsNot yet answered
16 Jul 2026Ensuring the continued operation of the Blue Flag Programme under Directive (EU) 2024/825 E-10-2026-003031Written questionwith 29 co-authors18 Sept 2026
16 Jun 2026Volkswagen Group prevents users from accessing free, real-time charging data from their electric cars E-10-2026-002465Written question31 Aug 2026
8 Jun 2026Access to Temporary Protection Directive provisions in Belgium for babies born after 24 February 2022 E-10-2026-002349Written questionwith 6 co-authors31 Aug 2026
17 Apr 2026Taxation of windfall profits in the energy sector O-10-2026-000019Oral questionwith 53 co-authorsNot yet answered
8 Apr 2026Contingency framework for public support in the steel sector E-10-2026-001433Written questionwith 1 co-author15 Jun 2026
25 Mar 2026EU manufacturing of net-zero technologies and trade defence E-10-2026-001239Written question13 May 2026
9 Mar 2026Public procurement and deaths at work: choosing the best bidder in social terms and making social rights and safety at work a condition for access to contracts O-10-2026-000011Oral questionwith 35 co-authorsNot yet answered

Show all 31 questions and motions

Amendments tabled in committee, 82

Committee amendment documents that carry amendments by the member, with how many are theirs.

Date: of the amendment document. Text amended: the dossier and the document’s id. Committee: where the amendments were tabled. Amendments: how many in the document are the member’s.
DateText amendedCommitteeAmendments
1 Jul 2026Suspending the application of the rules on the appointment of an authorised representative for extended producer responsibility for batteries and waste batteries and packaging and packaging waste ENVI-AM-790771 ENVI13
1 Jul 2026Suspending the application of the rules on the appointment of authorised representatives for extended producer responsibility for waste, waste electrical and electronical equipment and single use plastic waste ENVI-AM-790772 ENVI13
5 Jun 2026Establishing the European Competitiveness Fund ('ECF’), including the specific programme for defence research and innovation activities ITRE-AM-788898 ITRE10
27 May 2026Amending Directives (EU) 2018/2001, (EU) 2019/944, (EU) 2024/1788 as regards acceleration of permit-granting procedures ITRE-AM-788845 ITRE10
19 May 2026Guidelines for trans-European energy infrastructure, amending Regulations (EU) 2019/942, (EU) 2019/943 and (EU) 2024/1789 and repealing Regulation (EU) 2022/869 ITRE-AM-788922 ITRE17
19 May 2026Guidelines for trans-European energy infrastructure, amending Regulations (EU) 2019/942, (EU) 2019/943 and (EU) 2024/1789 and repealing Regulation (EU) 2022/869 ITRE-AM-788941 ITRE3
19 May 2026Guidelines for trans-European energy infrastructure, amending Regulations (EU) 2019/942, (EU) 2019/943 and (EU) 2024/1789 and repealing Regulation (EU) 2022/869 ITRE-AM-785339 ITRE5
19 May 2026Guidelines for trans-European energy infrastructure, amending Regulations (EU) 2019/942, (EU) 2019/943 and (EU) 2024/1789 and repealing Regulation (EU) 2022/869 ITRE-AM-788939 ITRE3
19 May 2026Guidelines for trans-European energy infrastructure, amending Regulations (EU) 2019/942, (EU) 2019/943 and (EU) 2024/1789 and repealing Regulation (EU) 2022/869 ITRE-AM-788940 ITRE14
19 May 2026Guidelines for trans-European energy infrastructure, amending Regulations (EU) 2019/942, (EU) 2019/943 and (EU) 2024/1789 and repealing Regulation (EU) 2022/869 ITRE-AM-788924 ITRE16

Show all 82 amendment documents

Connections

Dossiers they lead or shadow, committees, party, delegation and other related pages.

Political group

National delegation

  • Delegation Belgium National delegation

Sources & citation

Where the facts on this page come from, and how to cite it.

Data source
Licensed CC BY 4.0.
Data version
data version 579b2832c723 (26 Sept 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1 · methods
Retrieved
26 September 2026

Cite as

EU Parl Watch Research (2026). “Bruno TOBBACK”. Member record. memberId 256885. EU Parl Watch Research. https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/256885?page=111&scope=final&vscope=all (retrieved 26 September 2026). Official source: Member’s profile, European Parliament, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/256885. Data: EP Open Data: member record, https://data.europarl.europa.eu/api/v2/meps/256885?format=application%2Fld%2Bjson (CC BY 4.0); data version 579b2832c723 (26 Sept 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1.
BibTeX
@misc{epw-member-256885,
  author = {{EU Parl Watch Research}},
  title = {{Bruno TOBBACK}},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/256885?page=111&scope=final&vscope=all}},
  url = {https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/members/256885?page=111&scope=final&vscope=all},
  urldate = {2026-09-26},
  publisher = {EU Parl Watch Research},
  note = {Member record. memberId 256885. Official source: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/256885. Data: EP Open Data: member record (CC BY 4.0); data version 579b2832c723 (26 Sept 2026) · methods: group-at-date v1, participation v1, abstention v1, loyalty v1, against-clear v1, cohesion v1, agreement v1, group-agreement v1, winning-side v1, similar-votes v1, scope v1, data-version v1}
}