Dossier · Resolution on a topical subject

White paper on the future of European defence

Reference: 2025/2565(RSP) Resolution on a topical subject
Where it stands: Parliament adopted the text on 12 March 2025. This is its final position on the matter.
Stage: Parliament’s position

More facts (3)

Decisions in plenary: 1
Last vote: 12 Mar 2025 · Adopted
Versions: 10 versions

Decisions in plenary: 1
Last vote: 12 Mar 2025 · Adopted
Versions: 10 versions

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Legislative Observatory

Link to this page

Where it stands

The steps of this kind of dossier and how far it has come, from the procedure file.

Tabled for plenary (done)
Plenary vote (done) Adopted 12 March 2025
Parliament’s position (done) Final

A resolution tabled by political groups, usually on an urgent matter or in reaction to a statement by the Commission or Council. Not binding.

People

Committees and members responsible for the dossier, as the procedure file names them. Groups as recorded there.

The procedure file names no committee or rapporteur for this dossier.

Decisions in plenary, 1

Every decision Parliament took on this dossier, newest first.

**Effect**: what the decision did. **Final vote**: for–against–abstained, and how it was recorded.
Date	Decision	Kind	Effect	Final vote
12 Mar 2025	White paper on the future of European defence	Resolutions	Adopted	419 for, 204 against, 46 abstained by roll call

Voting grid

Export

Every roll-call vote on the dossier, in date and voting order, with each group's line at the date of the vote.

Each group's clear line at the date of the vote: a position with at least two thirds of the group's votes (at least 10 members voting), otherwise Divided; “< 10 voted” when fewer took part. Result: outcome, for–against–abstained (method).

Voting grid of 2025/2565(RSP): one row per roll call, one column per group, then the result.
Vote	The Left	Greens	S&D	Renew	EPP	ECR	Patriots	ESN	Result
12 Mar 2025 Paragraph 70 — part 1	Divided	For	For	For	For	For	Against	Against	Adopted489–127–64
12 Mar 2025 Paragraph 70 — part 2	Divided	For	For	For	For	Abst.	Against	Against	Adopted363–180–126
12 Mar 2025 Amendment 76 to paragraph 71 — part 1	For	For	For	Against	Against	Abst.	Divided	Abst.	Rejected267–280–119
12 Mar 2025 Amendment 76 to paragraph 71 — part 2	For	For	For	Against	Against	Against	Against	Against	Rejected217–422–29
12 Mar 2025 Paragraph 73 — part 1	Against	For	For	For	Divided	For	Against	Against	Adopted400–216–58
12 Mar 2025 Amendment 19 to paragraph 74	Divided	For	For	Against	Against	Against	Abst.	Against	Rejected181–384–112
12 Mar 2025 Amendment 77, adding text after paragraph 74	For	For	Against	Against	Against	Against	For	Abst.	Rejected190–444–44
12 Mar 2025 Amendment 78, adding text after paragraph 74	Divided	Against	Against	Against	Against	Against	Against	Abst.	Rejected61–572–41
12 Mar 2025 Amendment 99 to recital A	Abst.	For	For	For	For	For	Against	Abst.	Adopted494–114–70
12 Mar 2025 Amendment 22, adding text after recital E	Divided	Against	Against	Against	Against	Against	Divided	Abst.	Rejected106–524–49
12 Mar 2025 Amendment 24, adding text after recital E	For	Against	For	Against	Against	For	Abst.	Abst.	Rejected279–301–94
12 Mar 2025 Amendment 25, adding text after recital J	For	For	For	Against	Against	Abst.	For	For	Adopted365–234–79
12 Mar 2025 Amendment 32, adding text after recital P	For	Against	Against	Against	Against	Against	Divided	Abst.	Rejected118–526–36
12 Mar 2025 Amendment 1, adding text after recital T	For	Against	Against	Against	Against	Against	Abst.	Abst.	Rejected78–515–87
12 Mar 2025 Final vote — text as a whole	Against	For	For	For	For	Divided	Against	Against	Adopted419–204–46

12 Mar 2025 Paragraph 70 — part 1

Adopted 489–127–64

The Left

Divided
Greens

For
S&D

For
Renew

For
EPP

For
ECR

For
Patriots

Against
ESN

Against
12 Mar 2025 Paragraph 70 — part 2

Adopted 363–180–126

The Left

Divided
Greens

For
S&D

For
Renew

For
EPP

For
ECR

Abst.
Patriots

Against
ESN

Against
12 Mar 2025 Amendment 76 to paragraph 71 — part 1

Rejected 267–280–119

The Left

For
Greens

For
S&D

For
Renew

Against
EPP

Against
ECR

Abst.
Patriots

Divided
ESN

Abst.
12 Mar 2025 Amendment 76 to paragraph 71 — part 2

Rejected 217–422–29

The Left

For
Greens

For
S&D

For
Renew

Against
EPP

Against
ECR

Against
Patriots

Against
ESN

Against
12 Mar 2025 Paragraph 73 — part 1

Adopted 400–216–58

The Left

Against
Greens

For
S&D

For
Renew

For
EPP

Divided
ECR

For
Patriots

Against
ESN

Against
12 Mar 2025 Amendment 19 to paragraph 74

Rejected 181–384–112

The Left

Divided
Greens

For
S&D

For
Renew

Against
EPP

Against
ECR

Against
Patriots

Abst.
ESN

Against
12 Mar 2025 Amendment 77, adding text after paragraph 74

Rejected 190–444–44

The Left

For
Greens

For
S&D

Against
Renew

Against
EPP

Against
ECR

Against
Patriots

For
ESN

Abst.
12 Mar 2025 Amendment 78, adding text after paragraph 74

Rejected 61–572–41

The Left

Divided
Greens

Against
S&D

Against
Renew

Against
EPP

Against
ECR

Against
Patriots

Against
ESN

Abst.
12 Mar 2025 Amendment 99 to recital A

Adopted 494–114–70

The Left

Abst.
Greens

For
S&D

For
Renew

For
EPP

For
ECR

For
Patriots

Against
ESN

Abst.
12 Mar 2025 Amendment 22, adding text after recital E

Rejected 106–524–49

The Left

Divided
Greens

Against
S&D

Against
Renew

Against
EPP

Against
ECR

Against
Patriots

Divided
ESN

Abst.
12 Mar 2025 Amendment 24, adding text after recital E

Rejected 279–301–94

The Left

For
Greens

Against
S&D

For
Renew

Against
EPP

Against
ECR

For
Patriots

Abst.
ESN

Abst.
12 Mar 2025 Amendment 25, adding text after recital J

Adopted 365–234–79

The Left

For
Greens

For
S&D

For
Renew

Against
EPP

Against
ECR

Abst.
Patriots

For
ESN

For
12 Mar 2025 Amendment 32, adding text after recital P

Rejected 118–526–36

The Left

For
Greens

Against
S&D

Against
Renew

Against
EPP

Against
ECR

Against
Patriots

Divided
ESN

Abst.
12 Mar 2025 Amendment 1, adding text after recital T

Rejected 78–515–87

The Left

For
Greens

Against
S&D

Against
Renew

Against
EPP

Against
ECR

Against
Patriots

Abst.
ESN

Abst.
12 Mar 2025 Final vote — text as a whole

Adopted 419–204–46

The Left

Against
Greens

For
S&D

For
Renew

For
EPP

For
ECR

Divided
Patriots

Against
ESN

Against

Show all 106 votes (the final votes and the latest other votes are shown: 15)

Versions, 10

The text of the dossier, version by version, newest first. Compare shows what changed between two consecutive versions.

Adopted by Parliament12 Mar 2025

Adopted text TA10-0034/2025 TA-10-2025-0034

Compare with tabled for plenary
Tabled for plenary10 Mar 2025

Joint motion RC-B10-0146/2025 RC-10-2025-0146

Compare with tabled for plenary
Tabled for plenary5 Mar 2025

Motion for a resolution B10-0148/2025 B-10-2025-0148
Tabled for plenary5 Mar 2025

Motion for a resolution B10-0151/2025 B-10-2025-0151
Tabled for plenary5 Mar 2025

Motion for a resolution B10-0145/2025 B-10-2025-0145
Tabled for plenary5 Mar 2025

Motion for a resolution B10-0147/2025 B-10-2025-0147
Tabled for plenary5 Mar 2025

Motion for a resolution B10-0150/2025 B-10-2025-0150
Tabled for plenary5 Mar 2025

Motion for a resolution B10-0144/2025 B-10-2025-0144
Tabled for plenary5 Mar 2025

Motion for a resolution B10-0146/2025 B-10-2025-0146
Tabled for plenary5 Mar 2025

Motion for a resolution B10-0149/2025 B-10-2025-0149

Each version in short Written by AI from the official text — check the source

Adopted text TA10-0034/2025: Parliament's resolution on the white paper on the future of European defence urges the EU to act urgently to ensure its own security, support Ukraine, and overhaul its defence approach.
Motion for a resolution B10-0148/2025: This resolution calls on the EU to urgently strengthen its own security and defence, reduce dependencies, and support Ukraine, including through increased military aid and funding.
Motion for a resolution B10-0151/2025: This resolution calls on EU member states to take independent control of their defence, develop a European Defence Alliance, and strengthen the defence industry while keeping cooperation intergovernmental.
Motion for a resolution B10-0145/2025: This resolution on the white paper on the future of European defence stresses that defence policy remains a Member State prerogative, with unanimity in the Council, and calls for increased cooperation, European preference, and investment in capabilities.
Motion for a resolution B10-0147/2025: This resolution on the white paper on the future of European defence calls for a comprehensive EU defence framework, increased support for Ukraine, stronger EU cooperation, and better preparedness against threats.
Motion for a resolution B10-0150/2025: This resolution urges the EU to act immediately to protect citizens, deter enemies, and support allies, calling for a coherent strategy in the upcoming white paper on European defence.
Motion for a resolution B10-0144/2025: This resolution rejects the militarisation of the EU and calls for a new European security architecture based on diplomacy, disarmament, and human security, rather than increased military spending.
Motion for a resolution B10-0146/2025: This resolution on the white paper on the future of European defence calls for concrete measures to increase defence capabilities, overcome fragmentation, enhance the EDTIB, find funding, deepen EU-NATO cooperation, and support Ukraine.
Motion for a resolution B10-0149/2025: This resolution on the white paper on the future of European defence calls for strengthening EU defence capabilities, increasing investment, and enhancing cooperation with NATO.

Report a problem

What changed, 1

Between consecutive versions, newest pair first. The overviews are written by AI from the two texts; the comparison shows every change.

Latest Tabled for plenary → Adopted by Parliament Joint motion RC-B10-0146/2025 → Adopted text TA10-0034/2025

AI: What changed Written by AI from the official text — check the source

Adds calls for a complete overhaul of European defence cooperation and for flagship projects like the East Shield and Baltic Defence Line. Expands the scope of threats to include candidate countries and hybrid incidents, and adds calls for action on drones, hybrid preparedness, and shadow fleet. Adds emphasis on geographical balance in defence financing and industry development, and on partnerships with the UK, Norway, and Western Balkan countries. Softens the stance on European preference and drops the specific 3% GDP defence spending target. Other changes are formal or wording: decimal separator, grammar, and terminology.

Read the changes · Report a problem

Compare the two versions

Timeline, 3

Every recorded step, newest first, grouped by stage; the latest stage is open.

Plenary stage 3 steps · 10 Mar 2025–12 Mar 2025

12 March 2025

Plenary vote

Sitting of 12 Mar 2025 Motion for a resolution B10-0144/2025 Motion for a resolution B10-0145/2025 Motion for a resolution B10-0146/2025 Motion for a resolution B10-0147/2025 Motion for a resolution B10-0148/2025 Motion for a resolution B10-0149/2025 Motion for a resolution B10-0150/2025 Motion for a resolution B10-0151/2025 Adopted text TA10-0034/2025
11 March 2025

Debated in plenary

MEPs debated the text in the chamber ahead of the vote.

Sitting of 11 Mar 2025
10 March 2025

108 amendments tabled for the plenary vote

Groups propose changes to the tabled text; each is voted on before the final vote.

Amendments 1–6 Amendments 7–9 Amendments 10–19 Amendments 20–29 Amendments 30–39 Amendments 40–49 Amendments 50–59 Amendments 60–69 Amendments 70–78 Amendments 79–82 Amendments 83–86 Amendments 87–95 Amendments 96–98 Amendments 99–108

Connections

Texts, decisions, people and other dossiers related to this one.

Texts voted on

Text MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION on the white paper on the future of European defence Motion for a resolution B10-0151/2025 12 Mar 2025

Dossiers sharing a running issue

Dossier Amending Directives 2009/43/EC and 2009/81/EC, as regards the simplification of intra-EU transfers of defence-related products and the simplification of security and defence procurement 2025/0177(COD) · Ordinary legislative procedure 16 Sept 2026 Passed
Dossier Amending Regulations (EC) No 1907/2006, (EC) No 1272/2008, (EU) No 528/2012, (EU) 2019/1021 and (EU) 2021/697 as regards defence readiness and facilitating defence investments and conditions for defence industry 2025/0176(COD) · Ordinary legislative procedure 16 Sept 2026 Passed
Dossier Acceleration of permit-granting for defence readiness projects 2025/0172(COD) · Ordinary legislative procedure 16 Sept 2026 Passed
Dossier Tackling barriers to the single market for defence 2025/2143(INI) · Own-initiative report 11 Mar 2026 Adopted
Dossier Flagship European defence projects of common interest 2025/2144(INI) · Own-initiative report 11 Mar 2026 Adopted

Sources & citation

Where the facts on this page come from, and how to cite it.

Permalink: https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/dossiers/2025-2565
Official source: Procedure file (Legislative Observatory, OEIL)
Data source: EP Open Data API: procedure record
Licensed CC BY 4.0.
Retrieved: 25 September 2026

Cite as

European Parliament (2025). “White paper on the future of European defence”. Dossier, 12 March 2025. procId 2025-2565, reference 2025/2565(RSP). EU Parl Watch Research. https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/dossiers/2025-2565 (retrieved 25 September 2026). Official source: Procedure file (Legislative Observatory, OEIL), https://oeil.secure.europarl.europa.eu/oeil/en/procedure-file?reference=2025%2F2565(RSP). Data: EP Open Data API: procedure record, https://data.europarl.europa.eu/api/v2/procedures/2025-2565 (CC BY 4.0).

BibTeX

@misc{epw-dossier-2025-2565,
  author = {{European Parliament}},
  title = {{White paper on the future of European defence}},
  year = {2025},
  date = {2025-03-12},
  howpublished = {\url{https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/dossiers/2025-2565}},
  url = {https://news.eu-parl.st-solutions.dev/dossiers/2025-2565},
  urldate = {2026-09-25},
  publisher = {EU Parl Watch Research},
  note = {Dossier. procId 2025-2565, reference 2025/2565(RSP). Official source: https://oeil.secure.europarl.europa.eu/oeil/en/procedure-file?reference=2025\%2F2565(RSP). Data: EP Open Data API: procedure record (CC BY 4.0)}
}