Changes from resolution motion to resolution motion joint

RemovedB100421/2025

European Parliament resolution on a united response to recent Russian violations of the EU Member States’ airspace and critical infrastructure

(2025/2901(RSP))

The European Parliament,

Changed– having regard to the Treaty on European Union,Charter inof particularthe ArticlesUnited 2Nations and 21 thereof,the whichfundamental enshrineprinciples peace,of international cooperation and the rule of law,

Changed– having regard to theArticles Charter42(7) and 24(3) of the UnitedTreaty Nations,on European Union (TEU),

Change 1

Removed– having regard to the Helsinki Final Act of 1975 and the principle of cooperative security of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE),

Added– having regard to its previous resolutions on Ukraine and Russia,

Removed– having regard to reports by NATO’s Allied Air Command and the Russian Ministry of Defence,

Added– having regard to the white paper entitled ‘White Paper for European Defence – Readiness 2030’ and to its resolution of 12 March 2025 thereon,

Removed– having regard to the statements by the Governments of Poland, Denmark, Estonia, Latvia, Romania, Ukraine and Russia regarding recent incidents,

Added– having regard to Council Regulation (EU) 2025/1106 of 17 May 2025 establishing the Security Action for Europe (SAFE) through the Reinforcement of the European Defence Industry Instrument, adopted on 27 May 2025,

Removed– having regard to Rule 136(2) of its Rules of Procedure,

Added– having regard to the Commission proposal of 5 March 2024 for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing the European Defence Industry Programme and a framework of measures to ensure the timely availability and supply of defence products (‘EDIP’) (COM(2024)0150),

RemovedA. whereas respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty, including the inviolability of national airspace, is a fundamental principle of international law;

Added– having regard to its previous resolutions on Ukraine and on Russia, in particular those adopted since Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 and the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula on 19 February 2014,

RemovedB. whereas on the night of 910 September 2025, Polish civil and military authorities reported that 21 suspected Russian drones entered Polish airspace; whereas, during that incident, a house in the village of WyrykiWola in the Lublin region was damaged; whereas Polish officials have stated that the damage was likely caused by a Polish AIM120 missile fired to intercept drones, whose guidance system malfunctioned, rather than by drone debris;

Added– having regard to the international legal framework for preventing and fighting terrorism, including UN Security Council Resolution 2341 on protection of critical infrastructure against terrorist acts, adopted on 13 February 2017,

RemovedC. whereas in Denmark, civil and military authorities have reported unauthorised drone flights over airports and other sensitive and military infrastructure, described as ‘hybrid attack’type operations; whereas unauthorised drone flights over airports and other sensitive infrastructure were reported in Belgium near the Elsenborn military site and in Germany near Munich Airport; whereas to date, officials have been unable to identify where the drones originated or who operated them;

Added– having regard to the State of the Union address delivered on 10 September 2025 by Commission President Ursula von der Leyen,

RemovedD. whereas Estonian authorities reported that three Russian MiG31 fighter jets entered Estonian airspace over the island of Vaindloo for about 12 minutes without flight plans and with their transponders switched off; whereas NATO consequently scrambled Italian F-35 fighter jets to intercept them; whereas Estonia requested NATO consultations under Article 4 of the North Atlantic Treaty, condemning the incursion as ‘totally unacceptable’; whereas while Russia denied violating Estonian airspace, maintaining the flight was over neutral waters, NATO confirmed the incident;

Added– having regard to the statement of 10 September 2025 by NATO Secretary General Mark Rutte on the violation of Polish airspace by Russian drones,

RemovedE. whereas in Latvia, there have been radar detections and reports of suspicious flight paths close to its eastern border; whereas subsequent assessments have not confirmed a violation of Latvian airspace;

Added– having regard to the speech by Polish Deputy Prime Minister Radosław Sikorski delivered at the UN Security Council emergency session on 22 September 2025,

RemovedF. whereas on 13 September 2025, a drone allegedly breached Romanian airspace near the border with Ukraine for approximately 50 minutes during a Russian attack on Ukrainian infrastructure; whereas the Romanian authorities scrambled F-16 fighter jets to intercept the drone, which eventually exited Romanian airspace and returned towards Ukraine;

Added– having regard to the statement by the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Kaja Kallas of 22 September 2025 on the violation of Estonian airspace, delivered at the UN Security Council emergency session,

RemovedG. whereas over recent years, NATO fighter jets were typically scrambled 300-400 times per year to monitor or escort Russian military aircraft approaching allied airspace without flight plans or with their transponders switched off; whereas Russian authorities reported similar scrambles against NATO and US reconnaissance or patrol flights near Russian borders; whereas confirmed violations of sovereign airspace represent a violation of international law;

Added– having regard to the statement by the North Atlantic Council of 23 September 2025 on recent airspace violations by Russia,

RemovedH. whereas in September 2025, NATO launched Operation Eastern Sentry, deploying fighter jets and air defence assets to enhance readiness and protect NATO airspace in response to the alleged Russian incursions;

Added– having regard to the statement by Commissioner Andrius Kubilius of 26 September 2025 following the high-level videoconference on eastern flank defence cooperation,

RemovedI. whereas the Member States have the right to defend their airspace, territory and citizens, but defensive actions must be proportional, transparent, subject to oversight and consistent with international obligations;

Added– having regard to the remarks by Council President António Costa on 1 October 2025 at the press conference following the informal meeting of Heads of State or Government,

RemovedJ. whereas the war in Ukraine and Russia’s full-scale invasion in February 2022 have caused tremendous humanitarian suffering, regional instability and an enduring security risk;

Added– having regard to Rules 136(2) and (4) of its Rules of Procedure,

RemovedK. whereas the UN Charter and the Helsinki Final Act commit all states to resolve disputes peacefully, to refrain from threats and the use of force, to respect territorial integrity and to pursue cooperative security;

AddedA. whereas in recent years, Russia has repeatedly engaged in deliberate acts of hybrid warfare inside Union territory, including cyberattacks, disinformation campaigns and electoral interference, weaponisation of energy, arson attacks, sabotage of critical infrastructure, Global Satellite Navigation Systems (GNSS) (including GPS) jamming and spoofing, as well as in military provocations, including violations of airspace by fighter jets and long-range strike drones, while seeking to spread fear among EU citizens, destabilise the political situation in the Member States and reduce the EU’s support for Ukraine;

RemovedL. whereas NATO’s direct involvement in military operations against Russia risks leading to a potential catastrophic nuclear conflict in Europe;

AddedB. whereas Russia’s intrusions into NATO’s and the EU’s airspace, which represent a blatant violation of Member States’ sovereignty and of international law, have been occurring since the start of the Russian full-scale invasion of Ukraine, and have recently reached an unprecedented scale, raising questions about whether Russia is attempting to test NATO’s resolve or divert its attention and resources from the war in Ukraine;

RemovedM. whereas the increasing use of drones in border regions and near critical infrastructure highlights the need for the EU Member States to enhance defensive capabilities against unmanned aerial systems, including detection, monitoring and proportionate countermeasures, while ensuring that such measures are transparent, precautionary and do not contribute to unnecessary escalation or public alarm;

AddedC. whereas on 28 July 2025, a Russian drone carrying explosives entered Lithuanian airspace from Belarus and crashed in its territory at a military polygon; whereas on 4 October 2025, weather balloons used for smuggling entered Lithuanian airspace from Belarus, seriously interfering with the activities of Vilnius International Airport;

RemovedN. whereas Article 21 of the Treaty on European Union commits the Union to safeguard peace, prevent conflicts and strengthen international security through peaceful means;

AddedD. whereas on 10 September 2025, over the course of seven hours, approximately 20 Russian drones flew deep into Poland’s territory before being shot down by NATO jets or crashing, marking the first direct military engagement between NATO and Russia since the start of the full-scale invasion;

Removed1. Condemns any deliberate violation of the Member States’ airspace and reaffirms that such actions constitute a breach of international law and a potential threat to European security;

AddedE. whereas on 19 September 2025, three armed Russian MiG-31 fighter jets violated Estonian airspace for 12 minutes, intruded into the security zone over a Polish drilling platform in the Baltic Sea, disregarded communications from NATO F-35 pilots, and were ultimately escorted back into international airspace;

Removed2. Acknowledges the right of the Member States to defend their airspace and protect their citizens, while strongly warning that disproportionate or hasty reactions could dangerously escalate tensions; stresses that defensive measures must always be proportionate, evidencebased, transparent and coordinated;

AddedF. whereas on 25 September 2025, Hungarian Gripen jets were scrambled from Lithuania to intercept a formation of five Russian fighter jets that were flying near NATO airspace without complying with international flight safety regulations; whereas the aircraft were visually identified west of the Latvian coast before being escorted out of NATO airspace;

Removed3. Opposes the instrumentalisation of such incidents to argue for massive rearmament or unlimited increases in defence spending, at the expense of social, environmental and humanitarian priorities;

AddedG. whereas since February 2022, Russian drones have entered Romanian airspace 11 times, with several drone fragments falling on Romanian territory on a further 39 occasions; whereas most recently, on 13 September 2025, a Russian Geran drone again violated Romanian airspace and was intercepted by two F-16 fighter aircraft; whereas similar incidents have also occurred in the Republic of Moldova;

Removed4. Calls for the Member States and the EU institutions to differentiate actual violations of sovereign airspace from precautionary scrambles in international airspace, in order to preserve credibility and reduce risk of counter-escalation;

AddedH. whereas Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Lithuania, France, Germany and Belgium experienced coordinated drone incursions over or near civilian and military airports or military facilities, causing temporary airport closures;

Removed5. Calls on the Commission and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy to present to Parliament and the Council a comprehensive public report on all alleged airspace incidents since 2022, detailing evidence, uncertainties and conclusions;

AddedI. whereas the recent series of drone incursions across the Baltic Sea region demonstrates a significant hybrid threat to the safe and effective implementation of the Single European Sky initiative; whereas the incursions have caused damage to infrastructure and economic losses;

Removed6. Demands that the Russian Federation refrain from any threatening or provocative actions or flights and strictly respect international airspace boundaries; encourages NATO and Russia to maintain transparency and communication channels, including OSCE frameworks and military-to-military hotlines, to minimise risk of accidents or misunderstandings; calls, in this regard, for diplomatic efforts to convince the United States and Russia to rejoin the Treaty on Open Skies as a confidence-building measure;

AddedJ. whereas drones may have been launched from vessels, including those belonging to the Russian shadow fleet operating in the Baltic Sea to circumvent sanctions;

Removed7. Emphasises that Europe’s long-term security lies in diplomacy, arms control, confidence-building, incident prevention and cooperative security arrangements, not in militaristic escalation or rhetoric;

AddedK. whereas European leaders considered these incidents to be deliberate provocation orchestrated by Russia, viewing them as part of a pattern of reckless and irresponsible Russian behaviour, while Russia has consistently refused to acknowledge responsibility for such incidents, instead denying all evidence, accusing Member States of fabricating reports, and disseminating disinformation to discredit the EU and its allies as well as falsely putting the blame on Ukraine;

Removed8. Strongly opposes rhetorical strategies that depict conflict with Russia as inevitable, or that pressure Member States into adopting maximalist defence policies disconnected from verified threats; insists that the European Union act as a voice of restraint and diplomacy, countering both external disinformation and internal warmongering, and prioritising negotiated solutions to reduce risks of miscalculation;

AddedL. whereas NATO allies, including Poland and Estonia, invoked Article 4 of the North Atlantic Treaty following these incursions; whereas EU Member States discussed these incursions during meetings of their permanent representatives;

Removed9. Calls for the Member States to develop and strengthen defensive capabilities against unmanned aerial systems (drones), including detection, monitoring and proportionate countermeasures; stresses that these capabilities should be coordinated, when appropriate, at EU level; stresses that defence, including the defence of airspace, is primarily a national competence;

AddedM. whereas NATO launched the Eastern Sentry military activity to safeguard critical undersea infrastructure in the Baltic Sea, enhance maritime situational awareness in response to Russian sabotage and bolster its air defence posture along the entire eastern flank following the Polish incident, and Finland, Sweden and Denmark participated in the Protective Fence 25 exercise to strengthen defence capability, deterrence and readiness from dispersed formations;