Changes from resolution motion to resolution motion joint

Added1. Deplores once again and in the strongest possible terms the continuing and intensifying crackdown on fundamental rights and on human rights defenders, lawyers, protesters, journalists, bloggers, trade unionists, students, children, women’s rights and gender equality activists, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) people, political opponents, including their family members, civil society organisations and minorities, solely in response to their exercise of their fundamental freedoms or their expression of dissent, by state authorities and security forces in Egypt; calls for an independent and transparent investigation into all human rights violations and for those responsible to be held to account; underlines the importance of a strong and well-functioning civil society;

RemovedWhereas many human rights activists are subject to repressive measures; whereas several NGOs named in case 173/2011 (the “Foreign Funding Case”) have suffered asphyxiating asset freezes and travel bans; whereas the Cairo Appeals Court on 5 December 2020 ordered the closing of the investigation against some NGOs, excluding the most prominent independent rights NGOs, who remain charged and whose staff remain subject to various asset freezes and travel bans measures;

Added2. Is outraged at the recent arrests of senior EIPR activists Gasser Abdel Razek, Karim Ennarah and Mohammad Basheer in retaliation for their legitimate meeting with European diplomats in Cairo; welcomes their provisional release, but urges the authorities to drop all charges against them, end all forms of harassment and intimidation against them and EIPR founder and acting director Hossam Bahgat, and revoke any restrictive measures, including travel bans and asset freezes, adopted against them and the EIPR; calls on the Egyptian Government to ensure that their case will be dealt with in a transparent, fair and swift manner;

RemovedWhereas there has been an ongoing state of emergency in Egypt, in place since 10 April 2017 and extended for three monthly periods from 13 times, most recently on 26 October 2020; whereas according to state media the state of emergency was introduced to help tackle the ‘dangers and funding of terrorism’; whereas the state of emergency allows for the restriction of the freedom of assembly, movement and expression, as well as for arbitrary arrest and prolonged pre-trial detention;

Added3. Regrets that the decision to release them was not extended to other EIPR detainees, in particular Patrick George Zaki, whose detention order was extended for another 45 days on 6 December 2020; calls for Patrick George Zaki’s immediate and unconditional release and for all charges against him to be dropped; considers that a strong, swift and coordinated EU diplomatic reaction to his arrest and prolonged detention is needed;

RemovedWhereas, under the state of emergency and Decree No. 2165/2017, the President and those acting on his behalf are granted the power to refer civilians to State Security Emergency Courts for the duration of the renewable three-month period; whereas the legal process implemented by these Courts violates detainees’ right to a fair trial, right to liberty and other rights beyond the power of derogation accorded to them under the State of Emergency;

Added4. Reiterates its calls for the immediate and unconditional release of those arbitrarily detained and sentenced for carrying out their legitimate and peaceful human rights work, in particular Mohamed Ibrahim, Mohamed Ramadan, Abdelrahman Tarek, Ezzat Ghoneim, Haytham Mohamadeen, Alaa Abdel Fattah, Ibrahim Metwally Hegazy, Mahienour El-Massry, Mohamed El-Baqer, Hoda Abdelmoniem, Ahmed Amasha, Islam El-Kalhy, Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh, Esraa Abdel Fattah, Ramy Kamel, Ibrahim Ezz El-Din, Zyad el-Elaimy, Hassan Barbary, Ramy Shaath, Sanaa Seif, Solafa Magdy, Hossam al-Sayyad, Mahmoud Hussein and Kamal El-Balshy;

RemovedWhereas Egypt received strong recommendations in the framework of the UN Universal Periodic Review (UPR) process adopted in March 2020, including on upholding its domestic legislative and constitutional human rights guarantees, particularly in the context of counterterrorism, investigating excessive use of force by security forces during demonstrations, and criminalizing all forms of sexual and gender-based violence; whereas the UPR concluded without meaningful engagement from Egypt; whereas Egypt rejected key recommendations among others on critically important human rights issues, including establishing a moratorium on the application of the death penalty with a view to abolishing it and ending brutal crackdowns on peaceful dissent and restrictions on freedom of assembly;

Added5. Stresses that the ongoing arrests and detentions are part of a broader pattern of intimidating organisations defending human rights as well as the increasing restrictions on freedom of expression, both online and offline, of association and of peaceful assembly in Egypt, and calls for an end to all these acts; deplores Egypt’s continued use of counter-terrorism legislation, the arbitrary addition of defenders on Egypt’s terrorist lists and pre-trial custody to target and criminalise the work of human rights defenders, which is inconsistent with the rule of law and Egypt’s obligations under international human rights law; urges the Egyptian authorities to amend or repeal any abusive legislation, in particular its 2019 non-governmental organisation (NGO) law and its counterterrorism law; calls once again on the Egyptian authorities to close Case 173/2011 (the ‘Foreign Funding Case’), and lift all travel bans and assets freezing imposed on at least 31 human rights defenders and staff members of human rights NGOs under the case;

RemovedWhereas with unequivocal and significant evidences the Italian persecutor’s office has formally accused four Egyptian state security officers, General Tariq Sabir, Colonels Athar Kamel Mohamed Ibrahim and Uhsam Helmi and Mjor Magdi Ibrahim Abdelal Sharif, for the kidnap, torture and murder of Giulio Regeni; whereas the Egyptian authorities have tried to mislead and hindered progress in investigating and rejected the requests of the Italian prosecutor’s office to provide information on the agents involved in the disappearance and death of Regeni;

Added6. Calls on the Egyptian authorities to ensure that the treatment of any detainee adheres to the conditions set out in the ‘Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment’, adopted by the UN General Assembly in its Resolution 43/173 of 9 December 1988, that pending their release, they are allowed full access to their families, lawyers of their choice and adequate medical care, and that credible investigations are conducted into any allegations of ill-treatment or torture;

RemovedWhereas the 2017-2020 EU-Egypt Partnership Priorities adopted in July 2017 are guided by a shared commitment to the universal values of democracy, the rule of law and respect for human rights, and constitute a renewed framework for political engagement and enhanced cooperation, including on security, judicial reform and counter-terrorism, on a basis of due respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; whereas European efforts to engage Egypt to address the severest aspects of human rights violations have not yielded perceptible results;

Added7. Expresses its deep concern for the fate of detainees and prisoners held in overcrowded places of detention, in abysmal conditions, during the COVID-19 pandemic and calls on the authorities to urgently decongest places of detention; calls on authorities to provide unrestricted access to the Tora maximum security prison for an independent organisation in order to monitor the conditions of detention; denounces the arbitrary arrests, harassment and repression of medical workers and journalists for speaking out about the COVID-19 situation or the Egyptian state response in 2020; calls on the Egyptian authorities to cease this practice and release any medical personnel still in arbitrary detention;

RemovedWhereas the EU Foreign Affairs Council conclusions of 21 August 2013 stated that ‘Member States also agreed to suspend export licenses to Egypt of any equipment which might be used for internal repression and to reassess export licenses of equipment covered by Common Position 2008/944/CFSP and review their security assistance with Egypt’; whereas companies based in several EU Member States have continued to export arms, surveillance technology and other security equipment to Egypt, thus facilitating hacking and malware as well as other forms of attacks on human rights defenders and civil society activists, both physically and online; whereas this activity has facilitated the repression of freedom of expression online;

Added8. Deplores the rise in executions in Egypt and rejects the use of the death penalty; calls on the Egyptian authorities to declare a moratorium on the death penalty with a view to abolishing it and to take all steps to ensure strict adherence to due process guarantees and all possible safeguards to ensure a fair trial; calls on Egypt to immediately release all juveniles who have received death sentences and amend Article 122 of its Child Law;

RemovedWhereas the Foreign Affairs Council has to date failed to issue an implementing act following the conclusions and the persistent non-compliance of EU Member States with these commitments;

Added9. Calls on the Egyptian authorities to adopt a comprehensive law on violence against women and a national strategy to enforce the approved laws against sexual violence; urges the authorities to use available UN guidance, such as the UN Handbook for Legislation on Violence against Women, to set out components on combating violence against women, including protection of survivors and witnesses through trained officers and providers; calls on the Egyptian authorities to cease any type of persecution against women on the grounds of ‘violation of morals’, as against the female human rights defender Amal Fathy; calls on the authorities to immediately put an end to the arrest and prosecution of members of the LGBTI community or individuals solely on the basis of their real or perceived sexual orientation, such as in the case of Seif Bedour;

RemovedDeplores the overall human rights situation in Egypt, notably the generalized crackdown against civil society organisations, the harassment, the mass arrests, systematic torture and abuse in places of detention and the criminal proceedings against individuals solely as a response to their exercise of their fundamental freedoms or their expression of dissent;

Added10. Deplores the attempt by the Egyptian authorities to mislead and hinder progress in investigating the kidnapping, torture and murder in 2016 of Giulio Regeni, an Italian researcher; regrets the Egyptian authorities’ persistent refusal to provide the Italian authorities with all the documents and information needed to enable a swift, transparent and impartial investigation into the murder of Mr Regeni in accordance with Egypt’s international obligations; calls for the EU and the Member States to urge the Egyptian authorities to fully cooperate with Italian judicial authorities, putting an end to their refusal to send the residence addresses, as required by Italian law, of the four suspects indicated by the Italian prosecutors in Rome, upon closing the investigation, in order to allow for their formal indictment to face charges in a fair trial in Italy; warns the Egyptian authorities against retaliating against the witnesses or the Egyptian Commission for Rights and Freedoms (ECRF) and its lawyers;

RemovedStrongly condemns the arrests of senior employees of the human rights organisation Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights (EIPR), Mohammed Basheer, Kareem Ennarah and Gasser Abed El Razek that appear to have been carried out as retaliation for a meeting EIPR held with EU ambassadors and other diplomats on the human rights situation in the country; welcomes the provisional release of these human rights defenders; urges the authorities to withdraw all charges against them and Hossam Bahgat, EIPR founder, and revoke all the restrictive measures, including travel bans and asset freezes, that have been adopted;

Added11. Expresses strong political and human support to the family of Giulio Regeni for their constant and dignified search for the truth; recalls that the search for the truth about the kidnapping, torture and murder of a European citizen does not belong to the family alone, but that it is an imperative duty for national and EU institutions that requires all necessary diplomatic actions to be taken;

RemovedRegrets that the decision for their release was not extended to other EIPR detainees, in particular Patrick George Zaki, whose detention order was prolonged on 6 December for 45 days; calls for Patrick George Zaki’s immediate and unconditional release and for all charges against him to be dropped; considers it necessary a strong, swift and coordinated EU diplomatic reaction to his arrest and prolonged detention;

Added12. Notes that Egypt is an important partner of the European Union and its Member States in a wide range of areas, including trade, security, the fight against international terrorism and people-to-people contacts; supports the Egyptian people in their aspirations to establish a free, stable, prosperous, inclusive, and democratic country that respects its national and international legislation when it comes to the protection and advancement of human rights;

RemovedStrongly condemns the systematic enforced disappearance and arbitrary detention of human rights defenders in Egypt; is dismayed at the credible reports of instances of torture; calls on the Egyptian authorities to immediately and unconditionally release all human rights defenders, human rights lawyers and activists detained or sentenced merely for carrying out their legitimate and peaceful human rights work, including Mohamed Ramadan, Ezzat Ghoneim, Haytham Mohamadeen, Ibrahim Metwally Hegazy, Mahienour El-Massry, Mohamed El-Baqer, Hoda Abdelmoniem, Zyad el-Elaimy, Patrick Zaki, Ibrahim Ezz El-Din, Ramy Kamel, Alaa Abdel Fattah, Abdelrahman Tarek, Ramy Shaath, Ahmed Amasha, Hassan Barbary and Sanaa Seif;

Added13. Reminds the Egyptian authorities that respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms constitutes an essential element of EU-Egypt relations and that providing space to civil society is a joint commitment enshrined in the EU-Egypt Partnership Priorities, as stipulated in the Egyptian Constitution; stresses that no human rights defender should face financial restrictions, criminalisation, travel bans or bail conditions, or be imprisoned for their legitimate human rights work; urges the VP/HR to publicly express concerns over the human rights situation in Egypt and at any high-level meeting with Egyptian authorities;

RemovedIs concerned about the ongoing restriction on civil liberties, including restrictions on freedom of expression and assembly and the erosion of media freedom in Egypt; emphasises that, under the ICCPR, any state of emergency must be strictly limited in content, scope, geographic reach and time, in proportion to the specific emergency; expresses concern that Egypt returns to a renewed continuous and disproportionate state of emergency; calls on the Egyptian authorities to repeal Decree No. 2165/2017, to ensure no derogation of any of the human rights under article 4(2) of the ICCPR takes place under any state of emergency in line with Egypt’s commitments under international law, and to replace the nationwide state of emergency with proportionate measures following its expiration on 26 January 2021;

Added14. Encourages representatives from the EU Delegation and from the Member States in Cairo to attend the trials of Egyptian and foreign journalists, bloggers, trade unionists, human rights defenders and civil society activists in the country and visit them in detention;

RemovedReiterates its call on the Egyptian government to guarantee that local and international media workers and organisations can operate freely, without government interference; urges the authorities to cease the blocking of news and human rights organisations’ websites and release without delay all media workers that have been detained or sentenced for peacefully doing their work or expressing their opinion, including Mohamed Ibrahim, Esraa Abdel Fattah, Solafa Magdy, Hossam al-Sayyad, Kamal El-Balshy, Islam El-Kalhy, Mahmoud Hussein;

Added15. Reiterates its call on the VP/HR and the Member States to respond in a unified and resolute manner, also in coordination with other likeminded partners, to the crackdown and human rights violations in Egypt, and to use all tools at their disposal to secure concrete progress in Egypt’s human rights record; urges, in particular, the EU and its Member States to take the lead at the upcoming session of the UN Human Rights Council to set up a long overdue monitoring and reporting mechanism on grave human rights violations in Egypt; welcomes the adoption by the Council of a global human rights sanctions regime/EU Magnitsky Act and reiterates its call on the VP/HR and the Member States to consider targeted restrictive measures against high-level Egyptian officials responsible for the most serious violations in the country;

RemovedCondemns the Egyptian authorities’ apparent targeting of human rights defenders who maintain ties with representatives of the European Union and its Member States; welcomes the efforts of the VPC/HR, the EEAS, Member States and the European Union Delegation to Egypt in support of the release of Mohammed Basheer, Kareem Ennarah and Gasser Abed El Razek; calls on the VPC/HR, the EEAS, the Member States and the European Union Delegation to Egypt to ensure the greatest possible extent of safety and security for the human rights defenders with whom they collaborate;

Added16. Reiterates its call for a profound and comprehensive review of the EU’s relations with Egypt; considers that the human rights situation in Egypt requires a serious revision of the Commission’s budget support operations and requires the restriction of EU aid to primarily supporting democratic actors and civil society; calls for more transparency on all forms of financial support or training provided by the EU, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the European Investment Bank to Egypt; recalls that the EU and its Member States must not give awards to leaders responsible for human rights violations;

RemovedStresses the importance of the separation of powers as a fundamental principle of democracy and that the judiciary cannot be used as an instrument of political persecution and repression; calls on the Egyptian judiciary to ensure that all court proceedings in the country meet the requirements of free and fair trial, including clear charges and the right to legal assistance;

Added17. Calls for the EU, with a view to negotiating new partnership priorities, to establish clear benchmarks that make further cooperation a centrepiece of our relations in order to achieve progress in the reform of democratic institutions, the rule of law and human rights, and to mainstream human rights concerns in all talks with Egyptian authorities; urges the Commission and the EEAS to put the need for tangible improvements to the human rights situation, in particular the release of arbitrarily detained human rights defenders and journalists, at the centre of the next EU-Egypt Association Council meeting; reiterates that cooperation in the areas of migration management or counter-terrorism, but also geopolitical considerations, should not come at the expense of continued pressure for human rights compliance and accountability for human rights abuses;

RemovedDenounces the systematic and arbitrary use of pre-trial detention for repressing dissent; underlines that this practice is particularly used against human rights defenders, lawyers and journalists, without the minimum guarantees for fair trials;

Added18. Reiterates its recent calls on the Member States to follow up on the 21 August 2013 Foreign Affairs Council Conclusions announcing the suspension of export licences for any equipment which might be used for internal repression in line with Common Position 2008/944/CFSP, and condemns the persistent non-compliance of Member States with these commitments; calls on the Member States to halt all exports of arms, surveillance technology and other security equipment to Egypt that can facilitate attacks on human rights defenders and civil society activists, including on social media, as well as any other kind of internal repression; calls for the EU to implement in full its export controls vis-à-vis Egypt with regard to goods that could be used for repression, torture or capital punishment;

RemovedEmphasises that the treatment of all detainees, including human rights defenders, while in detention, must adhere to the conditions set out in the Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment adopted by means of UN General Assembly Resolution 43/173 of 9 December 1988;

Added19. Instructs its President to forward this resolution to the Council, the Commission, the Vice-President / High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, the governments and parliaments of the Member States, the Egyptian Government and Parliament, and the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights.

RemovedCalls for an end to all acts of violence, incitement, hate speech, harassment, intimidation, enforced disappearances and censorship directed at human rights defenders, lawyers, protesters, journalists, bloggers, trade unionists, students, women’s rights activists, LGBTI people, civil society organisations, political opponents and religious minorities, nubian and other ethnic minorities, by state authorities, security forces and services and any other groups in Egypt; calls for an independent and transparent investigation into all human rights violations and for those responsible to be held to account;

RemovedDeplores in particular the arrest of women and members of the LGBTI community, including over “indecency”, "violating family principles and values" and “debauchery” charges; calls on the authorities to end the practise of arresting and prosecuting women for posting videos on social media platforms on “morality” charges, as the female human rights defender Amal Fathy who has been sentenced to two years in prison for a video depicting sexual harassment, ensure that rape survivors and witness are protected, including from arbitary prosecution and detention; is deeply worried about the arrest of Seif Bedour, inside a police station where he had gone to assist a friend, for allegedly engaging in same-sex conduct, following an illegal search on his phone’s photos; highlights that similar actions send a disturbing message to the Egyptian society that persons who voluntarily go to a police station to assist others may be arrested for their alleged sexual orientation; calls the authorities to immediately end the arrest and prosecution of members of the LGBTI community solely on the basis of their real or perceived sexual orientation;

RemovedExpresses grave concern at the reprisals against persons who cooperate or seek to cooperate with international rights organisations or United Nations human rights bodies; welcomes the Cairo Appeals Court decision of 5 December 2020 to close the case 173/2011 (Foreign Funding Case) for some NGOs and calls the authorities to expand the decision for all human rights defenders and staff members of human rights NGOs affected by the case and lift all travel bans and asset freezes imposed against them; deplores the fact that many human rights defenders based in Egypt were not allowed to travel and participate in person in Egypt’s Universal Periodic Review on 13 November 2019 before the UNHRC;

RemovedReiterates its call for the repeal of the 2019 NGO law and the introduction of a new legislation prepared in consultation with civil society organisations and in conformation with the Egyptian Constitution and international standards;

RemovedCalls once again the Egyptian authorities to repeal or amend the counterterrorism law, which is the legal basis for the establishment of special terrorism circuits in the criminal court system, as well as Law 136 of 2014 on the protection of public facilities, which allows for the military trial of civilians for a vast range of offences; stresses the need to refer all civilian cases still pending before these tribunals to the competent civil court, and retry any civilians convicted by military courts in the competent civil court;

RemovedDeplores the attempt of Egyptian authorities to mislead and hinder progress in investigating for the kidnapping, torture and murder in 2016 of Giulio Regeni, an Italian researcher; regrets their persistent refusal by the Egyptian authorities to provide to the Italian authorities with all the documents and information necessary to enable a swift, transparent and impartial investigation into the murder of Mr Regeni in accordance with Egypt’s international obligations; calls on the EU and the Member States to urge the Egyptian authorities to fully cooperate with Italian juridical authorities, putting an end to their refusal to send residence addresses - as required by Italian law - of the four suspects indicated by the Rome Prosecution, General Tariq Sabir, Colonels Athar Kamel Mohamed Ibrahim and Uhsam Helmi and Mjor Magdi Ibrahim Abdelal Sharif, upon closing the investigation, in order to allow for their formal indictment to face charges in a fair trial in Italy;

RemovedRecalls that pursuant to international human rights law, Egypt is under a duty to prosecute or extradite those against whom there is sufficient evidence of torture, and that any prosecution would need to be effective, fair and independent; regrets that there is little evidence of that being possible in Egypt at present;

RemovedExpresses a strong political and human support to the family of Giulio Regeni for their constant and dignified search for the truth; recalls that the search for the truth about the kidnapping, torture and murder of a European citizen does not belong to the family alone, but is an imperative duty for national and European institutions that requires to take all necessary diplomatic actions and consequences;

RemovedUrges the Egyptian authorities to enact an immediate moratorium on executions with a view to abolishing the use of the death penalty in Egypt and to conduct a full review of all death sentences recommended by Egyptian courts where the individual may have been under 18 years of age at the time of the alleged offence or the individual’s rights to a fair trial or to be free from torture were breached; calls on Egypt to immediately release all juveniles who have received death sentences and amend the Article 122 of the Child Law; reiterates its call on Egypt to sign and ratify the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights aimed at the abolition of the death penalty;

RemovedCalls on the HR/VP and the Member States to respond in a unified and resolute manner to the current crackdown and human rights violations in Egypt; reminds the HR/VP and the Member States of their obligation to use all means of influence at their disposal to pressure Egypt to improve its human rights situation, stop imminent executions, call for the prompt release of those arbitrarily deprived of liberty and urges the Egyptian authorities to respect their obligations under international law;

RemovedWelcomes the adoption by the Council of the EU Global Human Rights Sanctions Regime; Calls on the HR/VP and the Member States to impose targeted restrictive measures on high-level Egyptian officials responsible for the most serious human rights violations in the country;

RemovedUrges the EU and its Member States to take the lead at the upcoming session of the UN Human Rights Council to create a long overdue monitoring and reporting mechanism on grave human rights violations in Egypt;

RemovedEncourages representatives of the EU Delegation and the EU Member States in Cairo to attend the trials of Egyptian and foreign journalists, bloggers, trade unionists, human rights defenders and civil society activists in the country;

RemovedStrongly urges the Egyptian authorities to respect the commitments made in the context of the 2017-2020 EU-Egypt Partnership Priorities and emphasises the need for their full and proper implementation; in view of the negotiation of the new partnership priorities, calls on the EU to establish clear benchmarks making further cooperation with Egypt’s strictly conditional on its progress in the reform of its democratic institutions, the rule of law and human rights, and to mainstream human rights concerns in all talks with the Egyptian authorities, while also preserving existing conditionality on human rights for its assistance to Egypt; reiterates that human rights should not be undermined by migration management or counter-terrorism actions and that any agreement should comply with international human rights standards and ensure adequate levels of transparency and accountability;

RemovedDeplores that despite the ongoing repression and crackdown on fundamental rights in Egypt, Member States are still supporting President al-Sisi’s government politically and financially, thus legitimising the violations and contributing to the spreading of the culture impunity inside and outside the country;

RemovedConsiders that any financial support provided by the EU to Egypt, directly or indirectly, should be conditioned to an ex ante human rights impact assessments; Calls on the EU and the Member States represented on the Board of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) to ensure that during its upcoming country strategy review, the Bank ensures that its future and current funding programs contribute to promoting human rights benchmarks in Egypt; calls on the EEAS and the European Commission to ask the European Investment Bank to also review its funding policy to Egypt accordingly;

RemovedReiterates its recent calls on the EU Member States to follow up on their 21 August 2013 Foreign Affairs Council Conclusions announcing the suspension of export licences for any equipment which might be used for internal repression in line with Common Position 2008/944/CFSP and condemns the persistent non-compliance of EU Member States with these commitments; calls on the Member States to halt all exports of arms, surveillance technology and other security equipment to Egypt that can facilitate attacks on human rights defenders and civil society activists, including on social media, as well as any other kind of internal repression; calls on the EU to implement in full its export controls vis-à-vis Egypt with regard to goods that could be used for repression, torture or capital punishment; regrets that despite its calls no concrete action has been taken by Member States;

RemovedInstructs its President to forward this resolution to the Council, the Commission, the Vice-President of the Commission/High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, the parliaments and governments of the Member States, and the President of the Arab Republic of Egypt.